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IB Biology SL (by me) > Unit 7: DNA & Cellular Division 2 > Flashcards

Unit 7: DNA & Cellular Division 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

Draw a labeled RNA (3)

A
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2
Q

Draw a labeled DNA (3)

A
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3
Q

Compare and contrast mitosis and mitosis (6)

A

compare: (3)
- Both cell division to create daughter cells from pre-existing cells
- both after interphase
- Both nucleaus divides before cytokenesis

contrast: (3)
- Mitosis has 2 daughter cells / Meiosis has 4 daughter cells
- Mitosis: body cells / Meiosis: sex cells
- Mitosis divides once / Meiosis divides twice

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4
Q

What does the gene 8p4.2.5 mean? (3)

A
  • chromosome 8
  • p arm (short arm)
  • 4th region, 2nd band, 5th sub band
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5
Q

If a type of tissue has expected mitotic index of 0.17, how many cells in a tissue culture of 7800 cells should be in interphase? (1)

A

7800 (total) x 0.83 = 6474 cells

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6
Q

Which of these is not a structure or an organelle, but a location in a dividing cell?

Chromatid, Centriole, Centrosome, Kinetochose

A

CENTROSOME

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7
Q

Mitosis is the divion of the?

A

Nucleus/chromosomes

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8
Q

Cytokenesis is the division of the?

A

Cytoplasm

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9
Q

T/F (why)
A human somanic cell is haploid (n), having 23 chromosomes

A

F
humans: body cell, diploid (2n) → 46 chromosomes

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10
Q

Body vs Sex cells?

A

Sex cells: cells divided in MEIOSIS

Body cells: cellis divided in MITOSIS

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11
Q

When does DNA replication take place?

A

S phase

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12
Q

What is gametes?

A

sperm/eggs

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13
Q

A human __ is ?n, ?ploid, having __ chromosomes?

A

A human GAMETE is DIPLOID (2N), having 23 chromosomes

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14
Q

kinetechore vs centromere (2)

A

kinetochore (1): structure attached to centromere during cell division

centromere (1): narroa place where 2 sister chromatids become associated (paired) during cell division

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15
Q

2 discoveries by John Cairns (2)

A
  • The prokaryotic chromosome DNA is circular (1)
  • DNA replication is bidirectional (1)
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16
Q

When in cell cycle do cells grow and differentiate?

A

G1

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17
Q

What does G2 try to prevent?

A

Cells starting M phase before they’re ready

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18
Q

Each daughter cell is __ploid and have __ chromosomes

A

Each daughter cell is HAploid and have 23 chromosomes

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19
Q

When/where can a ‘cell plate’ be seen?

A

in a PLANT cell during late telophase/cytokinesis

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20
Q

Effect of independent assortment of cells?

A

Homologous chromosomes line up in Metaphase I randomly, so the different assortments will cause GENETIC VARIATION

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21
Q

What is autoradiography? Discovered by?

A
  • Discovered by John Cairns
  • tool to visualize uncondensed DNA
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22
Q

Mitosis vs Meiosis?

A

Mitosis: Division of BODY (SOMANTIC) cells, 2 diploid identical daughter cells

Meiosis: Division of SEX ( GAMETES) cells, 4 diploid diff daughtercells

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23
Q

Purpose of S phase?

A

DNA replication

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24
Q

What happens in G0?

A

Some cells complete cell cycle and QUIESCENCE (stop)

25
Q

What happens in G2?

A

More growth and preparation for division

  • Mitochondria and chloroplasts (if there) will undergo division
  • other organelles are duplicated
26
Q

What happens in the END of G2?

A
  • Animal cells only: centrioles created and appear near nucleus
  • DNA is condensing
27
Q

End of cytokinesis, what happens?

A
  • Plane cells have a CELL PLATE
  • Animal cells have CLEAVAGE FURROW
28
Q

What happens in prophase? Step?

A

DNA is condensing -> nucleus will have random splotches of thickened DNA

  • nuclear membrane still intact so circle boundary of nucleus is still visible

STEP 1

29
Q

What happens in metaphase?

A
  • chromosomes fully condensed and aligned in the middle
  • Metaphase = Middle
30
Q

What happens in anaphase?

A
  • the chromosomes seperate (still fully condensed though)
  • Anaphase = AWAY
31
Q

What happens in Telephase?

A
  • chromosomes rapidly uncondense
  • late telephase: animal cell have cleavage furrow; plant cell have cell plate

telephase = TWO (完全分開)

32
Q

What happens in Prophase 1?

A

CROSSING OVER BETWEEN HOMOLOGOUS CHROMOSOMES!!

allowd DNA recombination

33
Q

What happens in Metaphase 1?

A

Homologous chromoses align after crosssing over

34
Q

What happens in Anaphase 1 of meiosis?

A

homologous chromosomes are seperated

35
Q

What happens in telophase/cytokenesis?

A

completes the cell division

36
Q

What is independent assortment and why is it important?

A

a way to create genetic diversity

  • depends on how chromosomes line up in metaphase 1&2
37
Q

What happens in G1?

A

grow and differenciate

regulates whether or not a cell enters S phase or G0

38
Q

What happens in M checkpoint?

A

M = METAPHASE

  • to make sureall chromotids are connected to a spindle fiber at their kinetochore
  • if checkpoint fails, chromatids WON’T seperate properly (nondisjunction in anaphase)
39
Q

What is aneuploidy?

A

the presence of an abnormal of chromosomes in a cell (47 or 45)

40
Q

What happens in nondisjunction?

A

sex cells having an extra or missing a chromosome (n-1/n+1)

41
Q

Patau’s Syndrome characteristics?

A

Autosomal, Trisomy 13

42
Q

Edward’s Syndrome

A

Autosomal, Trisomy 18

43
Q

Down Syndrome characteristics?

A

Autosomal, Trisomy 21

44
Q

Klinefleter’s Syndrome characteristics?

A

Sex Chromosome, Trisomy XXY

45
Q

Super male/female characteristics? (nondisjuction example)

A

sex chromosome; trisomy XXY or XYY

46
Q

Draw a labeled PROPHASE 1

A
47
Q

Draw a labeled METAPHASE 1

A
48
Q

Draw a labeled ANAPHASE 1

A
49
Q

Draw a labeled TELEPHASE 1

A
50
Q

Draw a labeled PROPHASE 2

A
51
Q

Draw a labeled METAPHASE 2

A
52
Q

Draw a labeled ANAPHASE 2

A
53
Q

Draw a labeled TELEPHASE 2

A
54
Q

cancers are due to?

A

uncontrolled cell growth/division

55
Q

What are tumor suppressor genes

A

help cells to stop dividing

56
Q

what do proto oncogenes do

A

pro = begin

tell cells to begin dividing

57
Q
A
58
Q

Importance of cyclins? who discovered?

A

TIM HUNT WHILE RESEARCHING SEA URCHINS

-

59
Q

what did john cairns discover about eukaryotic chromosomes using autoradiography?

A
  • able to visualize uncondensed linear chromosomes and better estimate length

IB Biology SL (by me) (8 decks)

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