Unit 7: DNA & Cellular Division 2 Flashcards by Tzu-Hsin Kayla Lee

Draw a labeled RNA (3)

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Draw a labeled DNA (3)

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Compare and contrast mitosis and mitosis (6)

compare: (3)
- Both cell division to create daughter cells from pre-existing cells
- both after interphase
- Both nucleaus divides before cytokenesis

contrast: (3)
- Mitosis has 2 daughter cells / Meiosis has 4 daughter cells
- Mitosis: body cells / Meiosis: sex cells
- Mitosis divides once / Meiosis divides twice

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What does the gene 8p4.2.5 mean? (3)

chromosome 8
p arm (short arm)
4th region, 2nd band, 5th sub band

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If a type of tissue has expected mitotic index of 0.17, how many cells in a tissue culture of 7800 cells should be in interphase? (1)

7800 (total) x 0.83 = 6474 cells

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Which of these is not a structure or an organelle, but a location in a dividing cell?

Chromatid, Centriole, Centrosome, Kinetochose

CENTROSOME

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Mitosis is the divion of the?

Nucleus/chromosomes

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Cytokenesis is the division of the?

Cytoplasm

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T/F (why)
A human somanic cell is haploid (n), having 23 chromosomes

F
humans: body cell, diploid (2n) → 46 chromosomes

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Body vs Sex cells?

Sex cells: cells divided in MEIOSIS

Body cells: cellis divided in MITOSIS

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When does DNA replication take place?

S phase

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What is gametes?

sperm/eggs

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A human __ is ?n, ?ploid, having __ chromosomes?

A human GAMETE is DIPLOID (2N), having 23 chromosomes

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kinetechore vs centromere (2)

kinetochore (1): structure attached to centromere during cell division

centromere (1): narroa place where 2 sister chromatids become associated (paired) during cell division

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2 discoveries by John Cairns (2)

The prokaryotic chromosome DNA is circular (1)
DNA replication is bidirectional (1)

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When in cell cycle do cells grow and differentiate?

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What does G2 try to prevent?

Cells starting M phase before they’re ready

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Each daughter cell is __ploid and have __ chromosomes

Each daughter cell is HAploid and have 23 chromosomes

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When/where can a ‘cell plate’ be seen?

in a PLANT cell during late telophase/cytokinesis

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Effect of independent assortment of cells?

Homologous chromosomes line up in Metaphase I randomly, so the different assortments will cause GENETIC VARIATION

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What is autoradiography? Discovered by?

Discovered by John Cairns
tool to visualize uncondensed DNA

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Mitosis vs Meiosis?

Mitosis: Division of BODY (SOMANTIC) cells, 2 diploid identical daughter cells

Meiosis: Division of SEX ( GAMETES) cells, 4 diploid diff daughtercells

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Purpose of S phase?

DNA replication

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What happens in G0?

Some cells complete cell cycle and QUIESCENCE (stop)

What happens in G2?

More growth and preparation for division - Mitochondria and chloroplasts (if there) will undergo division - other organelles are duplicated

What happens in the END of G2?

- Animal cells only: centrioles created and appear near nucleus - DNA is condensing

End of cytokinesis, what happens?

- Plane cells have a CELL PLATE - Animal cells have CLEAVAGE FURROW

What happens in prophase? Step?

DNA is condensing -\> nucleus will have random splotches of thickened DNA - nuclear membrane still intact so circle boundary of nucleus is still visible STEP 1

What happens in metaphase?

- chromosomes fully condensed and aligned in the middle - Metaphase = Middle

What happens in anaphase?

- the chromosomes seperate (still fully condensed though) - Anaphase = AWAY

What happens in Telephase?

- chromosomes rapidly uncondense - late telephase: animal cell have _cleavage furrow_; plant cell have _cell plate_ telephase = TWO (完全分開)

What happens in Prophase 1?

**CROSSING OVER BETWEEN HOMOLOGOUS CHROMOSOMES!!** allowd _DNA recombination_

What happens in Metaphase 1?

Homologous chromoses align after crosssing over

What happens in Anaphase 1 of meiosis?

**homologous** chromosomes are seperated

What happens in telophase/cytokenesis?

completes the cell division

What is _independent assortment_ and why is it important?

a way to create **genetic diversity** - depends on how chromosomes line up in _metaphase 1&2_

What happens in G1?

**grow and differenciate** regulates whether or not a cell enters S phase or G0

What happens in M checkpoint?

**M = METAPHASE** - to make sureall chromotids are connected to a spindle fiber at their kinetochore - if checkpoint fails, chromatids WON'T seperate properly (nondisjunction in anaphase)

What is aneuploidy?

the presence of an abnormal of chromosomes in a cell (47 or 45)

What happens in _nondisjunction_?

sex cells having an extra or missing a chromosome (n-1/n+1)

Patau's Syndrome characteristics?

Autosomal, Trisomy 13

Edward's Syndrome

Autosomal, Trisomy 18

Down Syndrome characteristics?

Autosomal, Trisomy 21

Klinefleter's Syndrome characteristics?

Sex Chromosome, Trisomy XXY