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IB Biology SL (by me) > Unit 10: Microbiology and Biotechnology > Flashcards

Unit 10: Microbiology and Biotechnology Flashcards

1
Q

what is a virus?

A

tiny infectious agent that must replicate itself inside the cells of a HOST ORGANISM

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2
Q

characteristics of ALL viruses?

A
  • need a HOST to live in (no host = die)
  • have a protein shell (capsid)
  • inside are nucleic acids (DNA or RNA)
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3
Q

characteristics of SOME viruses (3)?

A
  1. have a bubble phospholipid surrounding the capsid (envelope)
  2. spikes attached to capsid or envelope
  3. have enzymes to help viruses complete life cycle
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4
Q

what is a bacteriophage?

A

a type of virus that INFECTS/ATTACKS bacteria

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5
Q

What are antibiotics?

A
  • medications for treating bacterial infections

antibiotics attack bacteria (their metabolism)

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6
Q

virus vs bacteria

A

bacteria: alive (cause metabolism)
viruses: not alive (no metabolism)

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7
Q

What is HIV?

A

an envoloped ssRNA retrovirus with spikes

(Human immunodefiency virus)

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8
Q

What does HIV affect?

A

white blood cells & (CD4T cells)

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9
Q

How does HIV infect a person?

A
  • HIV enters CD4T cells
  • single stranded viral RNA converted to dsDNA by reverse transcriptase (enzyme)
  • DNA copy inserted to chromosomes of nucleus
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10
Q

Why are there no HIV vaccines (2)?

A
  1. ssRNA have the highest mutation rates (HIV is ssRNA)
  2. mutations change spikes faster then immune stsyem can adapt
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11
Q

What do CD4T cells do?

A
  • CD4T cells help antibodies fight infections
  • Less CD4T cells, body develop AIDS
  • AIDS weaken immune system because less antibodies produced, less antibody = higher chance of disease
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12
Q

What is influnza? types?

A

ssRNA virus that cause seasonal flu

  • A (most viruent), B, C types
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13
Q

Why do pigs need vaccinations every year?

A
  • host range for influenza is very BIG -> ssRNA keep mutating
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14
Q

how do new versions of viruses get created?

A
  • new types of viruses from genetic reassassorment
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15
Q

characteristics of ALL bacteria (5)?

A

prokaryote = bacteria

  1. no organelles or nuclues
  2. all unicellular (單cell）and have cell wall
  3. large DNA loop inside cell of bacterial chromosome
  4. smaller loops = plasmid
  5. free ribosomes (70S)
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16
Q

characteristics of SOME bacteria?

A

some have

  • 1+ flagella for mobility
  • frimbriae and capsule to attach to substrate
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17
Q

2 classifications of bacteria?

A
  1. Archaea, lacks peptoglycans ETHER linkage ON fatty acid tail, YES DNA with proteins
  2. Eubacteria, has peptidoglycns, ESTER linkage, NO branching on fatty acid tails, NO DNA with proteins
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18
Q

gram positive vs gram negative bacteria cell wall?

A

gram positive: single, thicker cell wall, 1 plasma membrane

gram negative: thinner call wallS, 2 plasma membrane

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19
Q

What is binary fission?

A

how bacteria replicate - cellular division

20
Q

What happened in the Alexander Fleming Experiment? significance?

A

DISCOVERED PENICILIN (antibody)

  • discovered fungi growing on petri dish that stopped harmful bacteria growth
  • fungi = penicilin

significance: led to Florey & Chain experiment + development of 1st antibiotic drug

21
Q

What happened in the Florey & Chain Experiment? Significance?

A

tested penicilin discovered by Alexander Flemming on mice

  • 4 given penicilin lived and 4 not died
  • proved that penicilin (antibody) is effective
22
Q

What does gel electrophoresis do?

A

technology that seperates molecules according to MASS & ELECTRICAL CHARGE

23
Q

Why is the gel box filled with buffer solution (2)?

aka purpose of buffer solution?

A
  1. make water more electrically 民感 so change easier with pH changes
  2. without buffer, water will become acidic (damage gels)
24
Q

Cathode vs Anode?

A

Cathode: Negative side of gel electropherisis

Anode: Positive side of gel electropherisis

25
Why is the ladder importnat in electrophersis ?
1. allow scientists to know when to turn OFF electropherisis cause division is complete
26
Why is **_polymerase chain reaction (PCR)_** so importnat?
to duplicate DNA
27
How does PCR work (3)?
1. DNA heated to 95C to seperate the 2 strands 2. temperature 53$C allows RNA primers 3. temp increase to 73C, replicate **BOTH** strand
28
Purpose of PCR?
- quickly make copies of DNA - **_AMPLIFY_** 放大DNA
29
another name for restriction enzymes?
restriction _endonucleases_
30
what do restriction enzymes do? purpose?
**_cut_** viral DNA before expressed - allows DNA to be spliced where scientists want to
31
What is _Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphisms (RFLP)?_
term for when _DNA cut by **restriction enzymes** then seperated on **gel electrophoresis**_
32
What is the _Human Genome Project?_
international project to _complete human genome (_purpose)
33
What is _DNA Profiling by RFLP?_
**used in forensics to detect crime** - evidence DNA amplified (放大) with PCR - restriction enzymes produce fragments that are seperated by gel electrophoresis to **_VISUALIZE DNA_**
34
what is _paternity testing by RFLP?_
- RFLP used to determine father of baby ​- type of biotechnology
35
what is _Somantic Cell Nuclear Transfer?_
**to artifically CLONE an animal** - _somantic cell_ removed from cloned animal - another same species animal _nucleus of egg removed_ with micropipette - somantic cell and egg fused together then divides to _form an embryo_ - embryo transfered into surrogate female animal to birth clone ​- type of biotechnology
36
what is _PHARMING of insulin?_
**to LOWER BLOOD SUGAR if it gets too high** - ppl with diabetes don't produce enough insulin (hormone) - must inject insulin to control blood sugar - insulin produced by genetically modified bacteria ​- type of biotechnology
37
what is _GM crops?_
**genitically code crops to eliminate need of pesticide** - genes inserted to Bt corn to make _more resistant to pests_ - any bug that eats the corn will die *_unsuccessful cause...._* - bugs become more resistent, bT corn won't kill them anymore, they become stronger - now farmers have to continue to use pests
38
advantages of _genetically modified organisms (GMO)_?
- foods more nutritious & longer shelf life - GM crops developed to prevent certain diseases - pest resistant crops require less pesticides, less fuel needed for pest equipment - medicines created with GMO more efficient and safer
39
disadvantages of _GMOs?_
- bugs become resistent to pests -\> have to use pests again - farmers have to pay more to companies that produce GM crops cause their soil's only used to them now - unintended allergic reaction to GMOs - genes in GMO can accidentally spread to natural populations -\> threatening biodiversity
40
what is _natural cloning?_
form of _asexual reproduction_
41
examples of natural cloning (4)?
1. **binary fission** (_protists_) division equal 2. **budding** (_yeast & hydra_) - same like binary fission but division unequal, new less then parent 3. **parthenogenesis** (lizards) 4. **vegetative propagation** (potato, new sprout from potato)
42
draw a _prokaryotic cell_
43
which structures are in bacteriophage? not?
are: **Capsid, DNA, Spike** not: **envelope**
44
traits of HIV (4)?
1. contains enzyme retrotranscriptase 2. has spikes 3. has envelope 4. ssRNA
45
how do COVID & influenza genetically assort?
- host affected with 2 versions of same virus - new viral capsid, proteins made in infected animal cell - capsid, spikes mixture of different protein - new virus have mixture of both
46
47
where do restriction enzymes originate?
from bacteria where they used to protect themselves from phage virus

IB Biology SL (by me) (8 decks)

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