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IB Biology SL (by me) > Unit 10: Microbiology and Biotechnology > Flashcards

Unit 10: Microbiology and Biotechnology Flashcards

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1
Q

what is a virus?

A

tiny infectious agent that must replicate itself inside the cells of a HOST ORGANISM

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2
Q

characteristics of ALL viruses?

A
  • need a HOST to live in (no host = die)
  • have a protein shell (capsid)
  • inside are nucleic acids (DNA or RNA)
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3
Q

characteristics of SOME viruses (3)?

A
  1. have a bubble phospholipid surrounding the capsid (envelope)
  2. spikes attached to capsid or envelope
  3. have enzymes to help viruses complete life cycle
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4
Q

what is a bacteriophage?

A

a type of virus that INFECTS/ATTACKS bacteria

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5
Q

What are antibiotics?

A
  • medications for treating bacterial infections

antibiotics attack bacteria (their metabolism)

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6
Q

virus vs bacteria

A

bacteria: alive (cause metabolism)
viruses: not alive (no metabolism)

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7
Q

What is HIV?

A

an envoloped ssRNA retrovirus with spikes

(Human immunodefiency virus)

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8
Q

What does HIV affect?

A

white blood cells & (CD4T cells)

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9
Q

How does HIV infect a person?

A
  • HIV enters CD4T cells
  • single stranded viral RNA converted to dsDNA by reverse transcriptase (enzyme)
  • DNA copy inserted to chromosomes of nucleus
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10
Q

Why are there no HIV vaccines (2)?

A
  1. ssRNA have the highest mutation rates (HIV is ssRNA)
  2. mutations change spikes faster then immune stsyem can adapt
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11
Q

What do CD4T cells do?

A
  • CD4T cells help antibodies fight infections
  • Less CD4T cells, body develop AIDS
  • AIDS weaken immune system because less antibodies produced, less antibody = higher chance of disease
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12
Q

What is influnza? types?

A

ssRNA virus that cause seasonal flu

  • A (most viruent), B, C types
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13
Q

Why do pigs need vaccinations every year?

A
  • host range for influenza is very BIG -> ssRNA keep mutating
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14
Q

how do new versions of viruses get created?

A
  • new types of viruses from genetic reassassorment
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15
Q

characteristics of ALL bacteria (5)?

A

prokaryote = bacteria

  1. no organelles or nuclues
  2. all unicellular (單cell）and have cell wall
  3. large DNA loop inside cell of bacterial chromosome
  4. smaller loops = plasmid
  5. free ribosomes (70S)
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16
Q

characteristics of SOME bacteria?

A

some have

  • 1+ flagella for mobility
  • frimbriae and capsule to attach to substrate
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17
Q

2 classifications of bacteria?

A
  1. Archaea, lacks peptoglycans ETHER linkage ON fatty acid tail, YES DNA with proteins
  2. Eubacteria, has peptidoglycns, ESTER linkage, NO branching on fatty acid tails, NO DNA with proteins
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18
Q

gram positive vs gram negative bacteria cell wall?

A

gram positive: single, thicker cell wall, 1 plasma membrane

gram negative: thinner call wallS, 2 plasma membrane

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19
Q

What is binary fission?

A

how bacteria replicate - cellular division

20
Q

What happened in the Alexander Fleming Experiment? significance?

A

DISCOVERED PENICILIN (antibody)

  • discovered fungi growing on petri dish that stopped harmful bacteria growth
  • fungi = penicilin

significance: led to Florey & Chain experiment + development of 1st antibiotic drug

21
Q

What happened in the Florey & Chain Experiment? Significance?

A

tested penicilin discovered by Alexander Flemming on mice

  • 4 given penicilin lived and 4 not died
  • proved that penicilin (antibody) is effective
22
Q

What does gel electrophoresis do?

A

technology that seperates molecules according to MASS & ELECTRICAL CHARGE

23
Q

Why is the gel box filled with buffer solution (2)?

aka purpose of buffer solution?

A
  1. make water more electrically 民感 so change easier with pH changes
  2. without buffer, water will become acidic (damage gels)
24
Q

Cathode vs Anode?

A

Cathode: Negative side of gel electropherisis

Anode: Positive side of gel electropherisis

25
Q

Why is the ladder importnat in electrophersis ?

A
  1. allow scientists to know when to turn OFF electropherisis cause division is complete
26
Q

Why is polymerase chain reaction (PCR) so importnat?

A

to duplicate DNA

27
Q

How does PCR work (3)?

A
  1. DNA heated to 95C to seperate the 2 strands
  2. temperature 53$C allows RNA primers
  3. temp increase to 73C, replicate BOTH strand
28
Q

Purpose of PCR?

A
  • quickly make copies of DNA
  • AMPLIFY 放大DNA
29
Q

another name for restriction enzymes?

A

restriction endonucleases

30
Q

what do restriction enzymes do? purpose?

A

cut viral DNA before expressed

  • allows DNA to be spliced where scientists want to
31
Q

What is Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphisms (RFLP)?

A

term for when DNA cut by restriction enzymes then seperated on gel electrophoresis

32
Q

What is the Human Genome Project?

A

international project to _complete human genome (_purpose)

33
Q

What is DNA Profiling by RFLP?

A

used in forensics to detect crime

  • evidence DNA amplified (放大) with PCR
  • restriction enzymes produce fragments that are seperated by gel electrophoresis to VISUALIZE DNA
34
Q

what is paternity testing by RFLP?

A
  • RFLP used to determine father of baby

​- type of biotechnology

35
Q

what is Somantic Cell Nuclear Transfer?

A

to artifically CLONE an animal

  • somantic cell removed from cloned animal
  • another same species animal nucleus of egg removed with micropipette
  • somantic cell and egg fused together then divides to form an embryo
  • embryo transfered into surrogate female animal to birth clone

​- type of biotechnology

36
Q

what is PHARMING of insulin?

A

to LOWER BLOOD SUGAR if it gets too high

  • ppl with diabetes don’t produce enough insulin (hormone)
  • must inject insulin to control blood sugar
  • insulin produced by genetically modified bacteria

​- type of biotechnology

37
Q

what is GM crops?

A

genitically code crops to eliminate need of pesticide

  • genes inserted to Bt corn to make more resistant to pests
  • any bug that eats the corn will die

unsuccessful cause….

  • bugs become more resistent, bT corn won’t kill them anymore, they become stronger
  • now farmers have to continue to use pests
38
Q

advantages of genetically modified organisms (GMO)?

A
  • foods more nutritious & longer shelf life
  • GM crops developed to prevent certain diseases
  • pest resistant crops require less pesticides, less fuel needed for pest equipment
  • medicines created with GMO more efficient and safer
39
Q

disadvantages of GMOs?

A
  • bugs become resistent to pests -> have to use pests again
  • farmers have to pay more to companies that produce GM crops cause their soil’s only used to them now
  • unintended allergic reaction to GMOs
  • genes in GMO can accidentally spread to natural populations -> threatening biodiversity
40
Q

what is natural cloning?

A

form of asexual reproduction

41
Q

examples of natural cloning (4)?

A
  1. binary fission (protists) division equal
  2. budding (yeast & hydra) - same like binary fission but division unequal, new less then parent
  3. parthenogenesis (lizards)
  4. vegetative propagation (potato, new sprout from potato)
42
Q

draw a prokaryotic cell

A
43
Q

which structures are in bacteriophage? not?

A

are: Capsid, DNA, Spike
not: envelope

44
Q

traits of HIV (4)?

A
  1. contains enzyme retrotranscriptase
  2. has spikes
  3. has envelope
  4. ssRNA
45
Q

how do COVID & influenza genetically assort?

A
  • host affected with 2 versions of same virus
  • new viral capsid, proteins made in infected animal cell
  • capsid, spikes mixture of different protein
  • new virus have mixture of both
46
Q
A
47
Q

where do restriction enzymes originate?

A

from bacteria where they used to protect themselves from phage virus

IB Biology SL (by me) (8 decks)

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