Unit 12: Human Reproduction Flashcards

1
Q

What is Digital Rectal Exam (DRE) for?

A

to early detect prostate cancer

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2
Q

What is a self exam for?

A

to early detect breast cancer

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3
Q

What does a self exam reveal?

A

may reveal new hard spots or lumps in the breast

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4
Q

What is a mammogram? used for?

A

x-ray of the breast used to detect bumps too small to feel bumps and help distinguish if bump is breast cancerous

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5
Q

What’s the purpose of BRCA1 & BRCA2 gene?

A

to see if a patient inherited genes that are premutated.

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6
Q

Mutated copies of _____ gene makes it likely to develop ____ cancer?

A

Mutated copies of **BRCA1 & BRCA2** gene makes it likely to develop **breast** cancer

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7
Q

What is a pap smear for?

A

to detect cervical cancer

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8
Q

How does a pap smear work?

A

Swab the mucous (黏黏)of the cervix (mucous contains cells of cervix). cells observed to see if any are cancerous

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9
Q

Why is radiation therapy not needed for grandpa with prostate cancer?

A
  • expensive and painful - doctors know that prostate cancer grow very slowly, most men die from other problems - against strong statistics -> not necessary!
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10
Q

Why is biopsy unnecessary for woman with small hard spots in breast?

A
  1. doctors know based on statistics, hard spots are usually not tumorous (if they are, they’re likely not cancerous 2. Woman is upset cause she must wait a month for a biopsy but they were just dense, non cancerous tissue
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11
Q

how do US medical care make profit by overtreating?

A
  1. grandpa with prostate cancer recommended radiation therapy
  2. woman recommended biopsy after having small hard spots on the breast because they’re usually non cancerous dense tissue
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12
Q

What is biopsy?

A

The removal of a small piece of tissue for examination

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13
Q

What are stem cells?

A

unspecialized cells that can differentiate into specialized cells

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14
Q

What is the most potent (most powerful) type of stem cell?

A

Embryonic stem cells - they can become any cell type in the body

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15
Q

What cells are less potent and able to differentiate into a more LIMITED range of cell type?

A

Adult stem cells

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16
Q

Why are adult cells less potent?

A

they can only differentiate to a more LIMITED range of cells

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17
Q

What can adult stem cells do in the bone marrow?

A

differentiate into platelets, red blood cells, and some white blood cells but NO OTHER CELLS

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18
Q

What cells are great value to research and medicine?

A

Embryonic stem cells

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19
Q

Why are embryonic stem cells important?

A

they are great value to research and medicine

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20
Q

How can stem cells be used?

A

to THERAPEUTICALLY treat human disease & correct genetic mutation

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21
Q

How did Stargardt’s Disease get treated with stem cells?

A
  • DIFFERENCIATED skin cells taken from patient
  • reprorammed to be stem cells (by iPSC)
  • genetically edited to not have mutation and cultured outside the body to be new retinal cells for the mascula
  • cells transplanted to patient’s retina to repair mascula and repare sight
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22
Q

What is Stargardt’s Disease?

A

a type of mascular degernation caused by a mutation that causes mascula cells to degenerate (decline) - lose most of focused sight and color vision

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23
Q

what has been steadily dropping since the mid 20th century?

A

male fertility

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24
Q

Why has male fertility been declining? correlated with?

A

correlated with - increase in plastics - variety of synthetic compounds that are hormones (ex: birth control)

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25
Why do plastics decrease male fertility?
plastics shed hormone like chemicals into the body & environment
26
What is infertility?
The inability to conceive after 1 year of trying
27
How does in-vitro (in glass) fertilization work?
- woman given hormones to product 1+eggs (usually 1 egg) - eggs taken from female and sperm inserted to fertilize and form zygotes in glass tube - cultured for 2 days to early embryos
28
What is cryopreservation
the act of freezing eggs
29
Why save and freeze multiple eggs at once?
In case none fertilized eggs inserted to woman work and no pregnancy, they still have eggs to try again
30
Who formed the first hypothesis to pregnancy?
Aristotle
31
What was the first pregnancy hypothesis?
Man's semen (seed) mixed with woman's menstrual blood formed egg and develop to human fetus (soil and seed hypothesis)
32
Who tested the first pregnancy hypothesis in what year?
William Harvery tested by experimenting on a deer in 1632
33
Why were deers chosen to test the first pregnancy hypothesis on?
Deers have a distinct breeding season and the breeding can be observed
34
How did William Harvey test the first pregnancy hypothesis?
he killed female deers after they mated with males to observe their uterus
35
What did William Harvey discover?
- He found no evidence of eggs or fetuses or menstrual blood - He only found fetuses in females WEEKS after intercourse - proved Aristotle's hypothesis wrong
36
Why is William Harvey's experiment significant?
- falsified Aristotle's hypothesis - showed that lack of technology is a limitation to new discoveries
37
What would happen if William Harvey had microscopes?
maybe he could discover how sperm fertilized eggs to form embryos
38
What animals have internal fertilization?
Mammals, birds, reptiles
39
What animals have external fertilization?
Most aquatic animals (fish and amphibians)
40
Is internal or external fertilization more likely to occur? why?
INTERNAL FERTILIZATION - females have more choice because mate in land + water not just water so fertilization is more likely to occur and survive
41
Why can stem cells be controversial?
- Some view the storage, altering of cells offensive to life because they see the cells "human" - Some see the embryos "human" there is unethical
42
Draw the female reproductive system
43
Draw the male reproductive system
44
How do menstrual hormones affect the production of one another?
FSH stimulates the production of oestrogen and oestrogen inhibits the production of FSH.
45
Purpose of Ovary? (M/F)
Produces eggs. estrpgen. and progesterone
46
Purpose of Uterus? (M/F)
Female - Provides protection, food, oxygen and removal of waste products for the fetus during pregnancy
47
Purpose of Vulva? (M/F)
Female - Protects internal parts of the female reproductive system
48
Purpose of Vagina? (M/F)
Female - Stimulates penis to cause ejaculation and provides a birth canal
49
Purpose of Cervix? (M/F)
Female - Protects the fetus during pregnancy then dialates to provide a birth canal
50
Purpose of Oviduct? (M/F)
Female - Collegs eggs at ovulation, provides a site for fertilization then moves embryo to the uterus
51
Purpose of Sperm Duct? (M/F)
Male - Transfers sperm during ejaculation
52
Purpose of Penis? (M/F)
Male - Has erectile tissue that becomes enlarged and hard allowing penetration of the vagina so the semen can be ejeculated near the cervix
53
Purpose of Urethra? (M/F)
Both (This one for male) - Transfers semen during ejaculation and urine during urination
54
Purpose of Testis? (M/F)
Male - Produces sperm and testoterone
55
Purpose of Scrotum? (M/F)
Male - Holds testes at lower than core body temperature
56
Purpose of Epididymus? (M/F)
Male - Stores sperm until ejaculation
57
Purpose of Prostate Gland? (M/F)
Male - Secretes an alkaline fluid that is added to sperm at the start of ejaculation and helps sperm to swim
58
Purpose of Seminal Vesicle? (M/F)
Male - Secretes an alkaline fluid at the end of ejaculation containing proteins that make the semen sticky
59
Which hormone causes the wall of the follicle to develop after ovulation and secrete more progesterone?
LH (Luteinizing Hormone)
60
Which organ secretes FSH (follicle-stimulating hormone)?
Pituatary Gland
61
Which hormonal event causes ovulation to occur in the human menstrual cycle?
A quick rise in LH
62
What is in vitro fertilisation?
Fertilisation of an egg outside the body.
63
During the menstrual cycle, what occurs in response to a fall in the progesterone level?
64
During the follicular phase of the menstrual cycle \_\_\_\_\_ ## Footnote causes follicles to develop and as this development occurs the hormone \_\_\_\_ is released which helps to thicken the lining of the endometrium.
During the follicular phase of the menstrual cycle ## Footnote \*\*FSH\*\* causes follicles to develop and as this development occurs the hormone \*\*ESTROGEN\*\* is released which helps to thicken the lining of the endometrium.
65
Ovulation occurs after the peak in which hormone of the menstrual cycle?
LH