Unit 8 - B Flashcards
In general, ABA research is both X and Y .
a. X = Inductive Y = quantitative
b. X = Deductive Y = quantitative
c. X = Deductive Y = qualitative
d. X = Inductive Y = qualitative
a. X = Inductive Y = quantitative
A deductive research approach uses _____ data
a. Quantitative only
b. Quantitative or qualitative
c. Qualitative only
d. Deduced or estimated
a. Quantitative only
Which of the following is not an example of a type of descriptive data?
a. T-test
b. Inter-observer agreement
c. Mode
d. Mean
a. T-test
Descriptive statistics in single-case ABA designs can
a. Complement visual analysis
b. All the listed answers are correct
c. Be used to summarize data for program evaluation
d. Hide trends in data
b. All the listed answers are correct
Which of the following uses hypothesis testing in its analysis of a phenomenon?
a. Both inferential statistics and descriptive statistics
b. Inferential statistics only
c. Descriptive statistics only
d. Single subject designs in ABA and inferential statistics
b. Inferential statistics only
The goal of inferential statistics is to use X data as the basis for answering questions about a Y .
a. X = sample Y = single-subject
b. X = comprehensive Y = larger population
c. X = comprehensive Y = specific individual
d. X = sample Y = larger population
d. X = sample Y = larger population
All of the following are appropriate reasons to analyze data using inferential statistics, except
a. Inferential statistics provides the only effective analytical tool for identifying socially significant changes in behavior
b. Using inferential statistics can address certain questions more effectively (e.g. issues relating to groups)
c. Use of statistical analysis is the generally accepted form of analysis, and thus more likely to lead to funding
d. Other professionals commonly question the validity of visual analysis, and thus question the validity of ABA studies
a. Inferential statistics provides the only effective analytical tool for identifying socially significant changes in behavior
In his study, Lovaas used IQ as a main dependent variable. What is the likely answer for why he selected this DV?
a. To increase acceptance among non-behavior analytic researchers
b. There were no other meaningful targets
c. He had trouble measuring other DVs accurately
d. IQ is the best measure of progress in autism
a. To increase acceptance among non-behavior analytic researchers
______ data have an order, (e.g., 1st, 2nd, and 3rd). The maintenance of an equal difference between each data value is not an important consideration.
a. Ordinal
b. Nominal
c. Ratio
d. Interval
a. Ordinal
Which of the following is NOT true of ratio data?
a. Is exemplified by such data measures as weight and age
b. The difference between each data value is even
c. Can be sorted into named categories without numerical values
d. The scale has a true zero
c. Can be sorted into named categories without numerical values
Which of the following is an example of ordinal data:
a. Names of babies born in 1792
b. Latitude and longitude designations
c. A preference hierarchy
d. Degrees Celsius
c. A preference hierarchy
Which of the following is a measure of central tendency in statistics?
a. T-test
b. ANOVA
c. Standard deviation
d. Median value
d. Median value
Which of the following is a significant consideration when using the mean as a descriptive statistic
a. Mean does not account for all of the scores in a data set
b. One or more significant outliers can result in a deceptive mean
c. Mean is difficult to calculate and interpret
d. A mean does not capture the true central tendency
b. One or more significant outliers can result in a deceptive mean
To identify the median score on a distribution with an odd number of scores,
a. Find the most frequently occurring score
b. Add the sum of all scores and divide by the total number of scores
c. Measure the variance of each score away from the mean and find the average of those values
d. Arrange scores in ascending order, and find the score with an equal number of scores above it and below it.
d. Arrange scores in ascending order, and find the score with an equal number of scores above it and below it.
What is the median for the following set of scores?
Scores: 2, 5, 6, 7, 9, 9, 10
a. 10
b. None of the listed answers are correct
c. 9
d. 7
d. 7
What is the mode in the following scores?
Scores: 3, 4, 6, 7, 7, 8, 9, 10
a. 6
b. 3
c. 7
d. 10
c. 7
In most sets of data, the best statistical measure of variability is the _______.
a. Standard deviation
b. Median
c. Mean
d. Range
a. Standard deviation
The range of a set of data is
a. A clear representation of the variance of the data from the mean
b. A number representing the difference between the high and low data values
c. Always reported as 2 numbers: the high and low data points
d. A measure of the central tendency in a set of data
b. A number representing the difference between the high and low data values
Using Dr. Sigurdsson’s range calculation, find the range of the following set of data.
Data Set: 5, 10, 12, 6, 3, 7, 15, 10
a. 13
b. 6
c. 10
d. 11
a. 13
Many researchers, including Carr et al (1996), argue that behavior analysts should always consider reporting the ____ of IOA scores in published research.
a. Mode
b. Standard deviation
c. Median
d. Reactivity measure
b. Standard deviation
A probability of (– 1) …
a. Is not possible, since negative numbers are not used in probability
b. Shows that the event has never occurred in the past
c. Indicates that the opposite always occurs
d. Indicates that the event never occurs
a. Is not possible, since negative numbers are not used in probability
Of the z-score values provided below, which one represents the most extreme location (to the left-hand side of distribution of scores)?
a. z = – 2.00
b. z = +1.00
c. z = +2.00
d. z = – 1.00
a. z = – 2.00
“As the number of samples increases, the distribution of those samples gets closer to a normal distribution.” This statement describes:
a. All correlation coefficients
b. The Central Limit Theorem
c. Inferential statistics
d. Descriptive statistics
b. The Central Limit Theorem
The minimum number of scores required to make a sample size large enough to be considered a reasonable representation (for sampling purposes) is:
a. 100
b. 30
c. 10
d. 5
b. 30
A common alpha level is
a. 5
b. .05
c. .0005
d. .005
b. .05
The null hypothesis _____.
a. all of the other choices are correct
b. is denoted by the symbol H1
c. is always stated in terms of sample statistics
d. states that the treatment has no effect
d. states that the treatment has no effect
What is the most conservative (i.e., the highest bar to clear for the researcher) p value listed below?
a. .05
b. .15
c. .01
d. .50
c. .01
After conducting a study demonstrating a clear treatment effect, a researcher would state that her data led her to X , and Y .
a.
X = Reject the null hypothesis
Y = reject the alternative hypothesis
b.
X = Accept the null hypothesis
Y = reject the alternative hypothesis
c.
X = Accept the null hypothesis
Y = accept the alternative hypothesis
d.
X = Reject the null hypothesis
Y = accept the alternative hypothesis
d.
X = Reject the null hypothesis
Y = accept the alternative hypothesis
To assess the differences between two, and only two sample groups (while only one independent variable is being tested), which of the following statistical tools would be the most appropriate to use?
a. Regression
b. Z-score
c. T-test
d. ANOVA
c. T-test
As described in the lecture, there may be times in ABA when using a repeated measures design (using inferential statistics) is more appropriate than using a _____ design. This eliminates the need for many of the test subjects in a research study to have to display incompetence at a target skill over many repeated trials as they await the start of the intervention.
a. reversal design
b. multiple baseline design
c. multi-element design
d. changing criterion design
b. multiple baseline design
An ANOVA is typically used to examine the difference in or between:
a. Two groups of participants
b. Three or more groups of participants
c. None of these answers are correct
d. One group of participants
b. Three or more groups of participants
Which of the following represents the strongest correlation?
a. .75
b. .45
c. .68
d. .85
d. .85
An effect size might be thought of as a metric relating to how:
a. Much outside variables changed the IV
b. Well the DV is defined
c. Strong an impact the IV had on the DV
d. Well-defined the DV becomes
c. Strong an impact the IV had on the DV
Which of the following would be the best outcome for a researcher using a T-test:
a. p < .01 and an effect size of .83
b. p < .06 and an effect size of .80
c. p < .08 and an effect size of .60
d. p < .01 and an effect size of .45
a. p < .01 and an effect size of .83
