Unit 8 - A Flashcards
Inductive research designs can use _____ data
a. Either quantitative or qualitative
b. Neither quantitative nor qualitative
c. Qualitative only
d. Quantitative only
a. Either quantitative or qualitative
The approach to research used in ABA is:
a. Inductive and quantitative
b. Deductive and qualitative
c. Deductive and quantitative
d. Inductive and qualitative
a. Inductive and quantitative
A deductive research paradigm is considered to take a X approach; an inductive research paradigm is considered to take a Y approach.
a.
X = top-down
Y = top-down
b.
X = top-down
Y = bottom-up
c.
X = bottom-up
Y = top-down
d.
X = bottom-up
Y = bottom-up
b.
X = top-down
Y = bottom-up
Descriptive statistics describe:
X = Properties of a data set
Y = How a sample data set relates to a larger population
a. X only
b. Y only
c. Both X and Y
d. Neither X or Y
a. X only
All designs using basic inferential statistics should employ:
a. A correlation of data
b. Detailed descriptive statistics
c. Design changes based upon the data
d. Hypothesis testing
d. Hypothesis testing
O. I. Lovaas conducted certain studies that were unique in behavior analysis because he:
a. Used a statistical design, leading to publication in a mainstream psychology journal
b. Combined single-subject and statistical designs
c. Used a statistical design without a hypothesis
d. Was the first behavior analyst to ever consider statistical designs
a. Used a statistical design, leading to publication in a mainstream psychology journal
This type of data refers to named categories rather than numerical quantities
a. Ratio
b. Nominal
c. Ordinal
d. Interval
b. Nominal
___ or ___ are acceptable types of data in most research designs
a. Nominal; Interval
b. Ratio; ordinal
c. Ordinal; Nominal
d. Interval; ratio
d. Interval; ratio
Ratio data is best distinguished from other data types by the fact that in ratio data, there…
a. Is a true zero
b. Are only names for categories
c. Is an equal distance between the integers
d. Is an order from greatest to least
a. Is a true zero
Which of the following is an example of nominal data?
a. Political party affiliation
b. Score on a Likert scale
c. Number of people named “Burrhus”
d. Time taken to finish a race
a. Political party affiliation
All of the following are measures of central tendency except:
a. Range
b. Mode
c. Median
d. Mean
a. Range
What is the value of the mean for the following set of scores?
Scores: 5, 6, 10, 10, 9
a. 8.0
b. 10.0
c. 7.5
d. 9.0
a. 8.0
For which of the following sets of data would the mean be the most appropriate description of central tendency? (Hint: You should not need a calculator for this)
a. 1, 1, 1, 1, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 8, 9, 10, 11, 13, 15
b. The mean value would be equally descriptive of each of these data sets
c. 1, 3, 4, 5, 7, 8, 9, 11
d. 1, 3, 6, 7, 8, 65
c. 1, 3, 4, 5, 7, 8, 9, 11
What is the median for this data set: 1, 10, 5, 5, 11, 7
a. 6.5
b. 6.0
c. 5.0
d. 7.0
b. 6.0
When would be the best scenario to use the median?
a. The data set contains at least one significant outlier
b. There are two modes in the set
c. There are over 50 observations in the data set
d. The behavioral observations are not independent
a. The data set contains at least one significant outlier
Mode is the only measure of central tendency that can be used for what type of data?
a. Interval
b. Ratio
c. Ordinal
d. Nominal
d. Nominal
Variability essentially measures how the scores are _____ in terms of one another.
a. spread out
b. nominally distributed
c. ordered
d. related
a. spread out
The range of a set of data is not very useful for analyzing variability because:
a. Range can only be computed for full populations, not sample data sets
b. Regardless of the data set size, the range only accounts for two data point values
c. For any given data set, range values vary within that set
d. Range is a measure of central tendency, not variability
b. Regardless of the data set size, the range only accounts for two data point values
The range is typically calculated as the (highest value in a data set) minus (the lowest value in that set) (i.e., High – Low = Range). However, Dr Sigurdsson presented another way to derive the range for the purposes of some statistical calculations. What is the formula for this second method, which was the focus Dr. Sigurdsson’s discussion on range in the lecture?
a.
(Highest value) MINUS (the lowest value) PLUS 1
High – low + 1 = Range
b.
(Highest value MINUS the mean) PLUS (lowest value PLUS the mean)
(High – mean) + (low + mean) = Range
c.
(Highest value PLUS the lowest value) DIVIDED by 2
(High + Low) / 2 = Range
d.
The total SUM of (each data value) MINUS (the mean)
(Value 1 – mean) + (Value 2 – mean) +… (Value N – mean) = Range
a.
(Highest value) MINUS (the lowest value) PLUS 1
High – low + 1 = Range
When you calculate the sum of the deviations away from the mean of all scores in a distribution, that sum is always…
a. N
b. N-1
c. 1
d. 0
d. 0
The probability for any event ranges from X to Y .
a.
X = 0
Y = 1
b.
X = 0
Y = 3
c.
X = Yes
Y = No
d.
X = 1
Y = 2
a.
X = 0
Y = 1
We use samples to make inferences about ________
a. replacements
b. samples
c. populations
d. biases
c. populations
Of the z-score values provided below, which one represents the greatest distance from the mean on the right-hand side of the distribution?
a. z = -2.00
b. z = +2.00
c. z = +1.00
d. z = -1.00
b. z = +2.00
Z-scores may only be calculated if:
a. Conclusions about the population are designed to be tentative
b. Every value is known for the entire population
c. The sample size of the population has no more than thirty
d. At least half of the population is included in the sample
b. Every value is known for the entire population
When the mean values we compute for a set of samples do not match the actual mean value for the entire population, we call this a
a. Mean distributional error
b. No-match-to-sample
c. Sampling error
d. Normal distribution
c. Sampling error
A researcher reports that there is a significant difference between two treatments at the .05 level of significance. This means that __________.
a. The difference obtained in the experiment is at least 5% larger than the standard error
b. The average score for one treatment is at least 5% higher than the average score for the other treatment
c. There is a 5% probability (or less) that the difference occurred simply by chance without any treatment effect
d. If the researcher repeated the experiment, there is a 95% probability that the same decision would be reached
c. There is a 5% probability (or less) that the difference occurred simply by chance without any treatment effect
When engaging in hypothesis testing, the “alternative hypothesis” states that:
a. The dependent variable is predicted to have an effect on the independent variable
b. The independent variable is predicted to have NO effect on the dependent variable
c. The dependent variable is predicted to have NO effect on the independent variable
d. The independent variable is predicted to have an effect on the dependent variable
d. The independent variable is predicted to have an effect on the dependent variable
What is the most conservative p value which is commonly used in statistical analysis (i.e., the highest bar for a researcher’s data to clear to demonstrate significant results)?
a. p = 0.00
b. p < .01
c. p < 1.00
d. p < .05
b. p < .01
A T-test is used to examine the means between _____ samples:
a. Non-representative
b. 3 or more
c. 2 and only 2
d. Qualitative nominal
c. 2 and only 2
A(n) _____ is used to examine differences between more than two groups of participants
a. ANOVA
b. Correlation
c. Regression
d. T-test
a. ANOVA
A correlation may best be characterized as:
a. A test of four variables
b. How two continuous variables are related to each other
c. A prediction formula
d. A test of two variables
b. How two continuous variables are related to each other
Which of the following is the strongest correlation?
a. – .69
b. .34
c. .88
d. – 1.0
d. – 1.0
An effect size is:
a. A measure of implementation integrity
b. The strength of a phenomenon
c. The interaction of two or more independent variables
d. The strength of the dependent variable
b. The strength of a phenomenon
Which of the following would be the best outcome for a researcher using a T-test:
a. P < .14 and an effect size of .5
b. P < .05 and an effect size of .3
c. P < .09 and an effect size of .4
d. P < .05 and an effect size of .8
d. P < .05 and an effect size of .8
