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PSYC Lifespan > UNIT 8 > Flashcards

UNIT 8 Flashcards

1
Q

By age 60, all adults show some signs of aging.

a. True
b. False

A

a. True

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2
Q

Aging is a lifespan process that accelerates through middle adulthood and most rapidly near the end of the lifespan.

a. True
b. False

A

a. True

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3
Q

Life expectancy refers to the average number of years a person is expected to live.

a. True
b. False

A

a. True

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4
Q

The highest boundary (in years) of a specific species is described by the term: a. life course.

b. lifespan.
c. life expectancy.
d. all of the choices

A

b. lifespan.

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5
Q

____________________ is the study of aging.

a. Geriatrics
b. Gerontology
c. Agiatrics
d. Agentology

A

b. Gerontology

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6
Q

The technical term that describes aging across the lifespan is:

a. senescence.
b. obsolescence.
c. apoptosis.
d. convalescence.

A

a. senescence.

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7
Q

Developmentalists have divided later adulthood into categories including the “young-old,” which refers to adults between the ages of:

a. 45 and 60
b. 60 and 75
c. 75 and 85
d. 85 and over

A

b. 60 and 75

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8
Q

The “oldest-old” refers to those adults who live to be _____ or older.

a. 65
b. 70
c. 80
d. 85

A

d. 85

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9
Q

Traditionally, when we refer to “older adults” we mean adults ranging in age from:

a. 40 to 60
b. 60 to 70
c. 70 to 75
d. 75 to -85

A

d. 75 to -85

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10
Q

Studies of life expectancy within a population provide us with information about why certain people live longer than others as a function of the relationship between ______________ and the number of years that a group of people is expected to live.

a. race
b. educational attainment
c. health status
d. all of the choices

A

d. all of the choices

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11
Q

Compared to other countries, life expectancy in the United States is:

a. the longest.
b. in the top 5.
c. in the top 20.
c. in the top 40.

A

c. in the top 20.

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12
Q

Throughout history, females have and continue to have a longer life expectancy than males.

a. True
b. False

A

a. True

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13
Q

Telomere length provides information about cellular health.

a. True
b. False

A

a. True

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14
Q

With respect to normative aging, all physical systems decline at the same rate.

a. True
b. False

A

b. False

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15
Q

In the United States life expectancy has___________ over the past 150 years.

a. leveled off
b. continued to steadily increase for males and females
c. increased for males, but not females
d. increased for females, but not males

A

b. continued to steadily increase for males and females

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16
Q

The error theory of aging focuses on the role of ________________ to improve our understanding of aging processes.

a. environmental risk exposure
b. the effects of disease on cell functioning
c. cell deterioration
d. all of the choices

A

d. all of the choices

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17
Q

The program theory of aging focuses primarily on the role of ________________ associated with decreases in optimal physical functioning of physical systems.

a. internal, chemical, and cellular processes
b. external, environmental, and cellular processes
c. both a and b
d. neither a nor b

A

c. both a and b

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18
Q

The National Institute on Aging is a government resource that provides information on:

a. health information for the public.
b. research information for scientists.
c. both a and b
d. neither a nor b

A

c. both a and b

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19
Q

In some cases, senescence demonstrates multidirectionality, demonstrated by simultaneous evidence of __________and ___________.

a. disease; an increase in health
b. environmental risk exposure; increase in health
c. a decrease in a physical structure; an increase in physical functioning
d. genetic risk; absence of disease

A

c. a decrease in a physical structure; an increase in physical functioning

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20
Q

Interventions successful in demonstrating an increase in telomere length recommend lifestyle changes, such as:

a. plant-based diet.
b. exercise 30 minutes/day; 6 days week.
c. stress management, for example, yoga.
d. all of these in combination

A

d. all of these in combination

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21
Q

The ____________________ theory of aging suggests that the human body ages as a result of use, overuse, and environmental stressors.

a. maltreatment and neglect
b. failure to thrive
c. overexertion
d. wear and tear

A

d. wear and tear

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22
Q

Relying on Hayflick’s limit as a working assumption, an intervention designed to slow aging, maintain telomere health, and prevent disease would:

a. increase the number of times cells divide.
b. limit the number of times cells divide.
c. structure the way cells divide.
d. intervene in the way cells divide

A

b. limit the number of times cells divide.

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23
Q

Dr. Lladro, a developmental scientist who works from the program theory of aging is currently researching:

a. adult chronic disease.
b. human exposure to viruses and rate of cognitive decline.
c. cell deterioration processes associated with accelerated cognitive decline.
d. variation in cell damage associated with exposure to various viruses

A

c. cell deterioration processes associated with accelerated cognitive decline.

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24
Q

There is great variation in the rate and progression of the decline in physical systems during later adulthood.

a. True
b. False

A

a. True

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25
Q

The brain is the central driving force that determines the rate of decline in physical systems across adulthood.

a. True
b. False

A

a. True

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26
Q

Whole brain volume decreases after age 35 and with increasing rapidity near later decades of the lifespan.

a. True
b. False

A

a. True

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27
Q

Greater decreases in overall brain volume in later adulthood is associated with ________________ in cognitive abilities and cognitive functioning.

a. variable increases and decreases
b. an unclear exact relationship
c. overall increases
d. overall decreases

A

b. an unclear exact relationship

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28
Q

Changes in the brain are associated with cardiovascular health due to a reduction in the amount of:

a. oxygen supplied to the brain.
b. oxygen supplied to the heart.
c. the amount of blood pumped through the heart.
d. the amount of blood pumped to the brain

A

a. oxygen supplied to the brain.

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29
Q

In later adulthood, a decline in cardiovascular health is indicated by changes in:

a. resting blood pressure.
b. increases in cholesterol.
c. diminished lung capacity.
d. all of the choices

A

d. all of the choices

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30
Q

In later adulthood, _________________ is the leading cause of death.

a. cancer of the heart
b. cancer of the brain
c. brain disease
d. heart disease

A

d. heart disease

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31
Q

With respect to the rate and process of aging, changes in the health of the brain and heart are:

a. interrelated.
b. unrelated.
c. unpredictable.
d. all of the choices

A

a. interrelated.

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32
Q

Older adults who spend their time engaged in activities or relationships that encourage them to utilize and maintain the strength of their executive functioning skills may not experience a decline in cognitive abilities regardless of volume loss due to:

a. cognitive lumosity.
b. cognitive capacity.
c. brain plasticity.
d. brain lumosity.

A

c. brain plasticity.

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33
Q

In older adulthood, the most common problem associated with skeletal aging is loss of bone mass.

a. True
b. False

A

a. True

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34
Q

Older adults suffering from bone mass loss experience this problem due to diminishing stores of minerals.

a. True
b. False

A

a. True

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35
Q

In older adulthood, adults become more likely to develop a specific type of arthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, which is classified as a(n) ______________ disease.

a. digestive
b. cardiovascular
c. respiratory
d. autoimmune

A

d. autoimmune

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36
Q

Mineral loss, specifically ______________, is responsible for bone mass loss in older adulthood.

a. manganese
b. potassium
c. calcium
d. magnesium

A

c. calcium

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37
Q

As adults age into later adulthood, they are more likely to experience ______________, which is experienced as pain in their bones, ligaments, tendons, or muscles not caused by accidents.

a. cellulitis
b. arthritis
c. bursitis
d. arteritis

A

b. arthritis

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38
Q

Autoimmune diseases are particularly distressing to older adults because they cause pain due to:

a. degeneration.
b. inflammation.
c. regeneration.
d. calcification.

A

b. inflammation.

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39
Q

Older adults become increasingly likely to suffer from _______________, which involves the wearing down of tissues around the skeletal joints.

a. osteoporosis
b. rheumatitis
c. carditis
d. osteoarthritis

A

d. osteoarthritis

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40
Q

Among older adults who develop _________________, the risk of their experiencing an accident increases because their bones become brittle and weak.

a. osteoarthritis
b. osteoporosis
c. osteomyelitis
d. osteitis

A

b. osteoporosis

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41
Q 
. 
The most drastic treatment for arthritis is:
a. anti-inflammatory medications.
b. physical therapy. 
c. surgery.
d. narcotic medications.
A

c. surgery.

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42
Q

When Grandma Evie’s hands began to take on a different shape, her family members encouraged her to go to the doctor because they were concerned that she was developing:

a. low bone mineral density.
b. concentrated bone mineral density.
c. rheumatoid arthritis.
d. rheumatoid osteoporosis.

A

c. rheumatoid arthritis.

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43
Q

Daniel wasn’t prepared to become his grandfather’s caretaker, but he soon became competent in helping his grandfather relieve his arthritis symptoms by:

a. giving him pain relief medications.
b. taking him to get cortisone shots.
c. doing his physical therapy exercises with him.
d. All of the choices are helpful.

A

d. All of the choices are helpful.

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44
Q

Beginning in middle adulthood and continuing through later adulthood, sarcopenia takes a toll on the health of the muscular system.

a. True
b. False

A

a. True

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45
Q

As muscle fiber deteriorates through later adulthood, ______________ decreases.

a. strength
b. flexibility
c. both a and b
d. neither a nor b

A

c. both a and b

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46
Q

In older adults, sarcopenia is associated with observable changes, such as:

a. reduced mobility.
b. stooped posture.
c. both a and b
d. neither a nor b

A

c. both a and b

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47
Q

We can get a sense of the extent to which deterioration of the muscular system affects older adults by assessing whether there has been a decline in their ability to:

a. get dressed independently.
b. going to the bathroom without assistance.
c. getting into and out of bed.
d. all of the choices

A

d. all of the choices

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48
Q

The extent to which a person can successfully accomplish the activities of daily living is an indicator of how much _______________ the aging adult has been able to maintain.

a. dependence
b. independence
c. brain plasticity
d. cognitive flexibility

A

b. independence

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49
Q

For older adults, the ability to make planned sequential movements is not only a matter of muscle health, but also coordination with the:

a. endocrine system.
b. brain.
c. both and b
d. neither a nor b

A

c. both and b

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50
Q

Even in older adulthood, it is well established that ________________ is an intervention that can slow functional decline associated with skeletal and muscular system aging.

a. drinking milk
b. plant-based proteins
c. playing brain games
d. exercise

A

d. exercise

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51
Q

A cross section of an older adult’s bones that show evidence of osteoporosis will look very:

a. inflexible.
b. flexible
c. dense.
d. porous.

A

d. porous.

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52
Q

An older adult with good skeletal health can reasonably expect to:

a. climb stairs.
b. walk reasonable distances.
c. put away dishes in the cabinets.
d. all of the choices

A

d. all of the choices

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53
Q

Although 78-year-old Anne was strongly resistant to having full-time help at home, her adult children insisted because they knew that her hip fracture put her at significant risk for:

a. death within a year.
b. a substance use disorder.
c. an anxiety disorder.
d. cognitive disabilities.

A

a. death within a year.

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54
Q

When Art told his middle-aged children that he was frustrated because he wasn’t able to get out of the bed in time to use the bathroom several days in a row, he got annoyed when his children then asked him if he was having trouble with other :

a. bodily functions.
b. basic functions.
c. activities of daily living.
d. activities of independent functioning.

A

c. activities of daily living.

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55
Q

In later adulthood, top-down processing declines faster than bottom-up processing.

a. True
b. False

A

a. True

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56
Q

In older adulthood, attention declines are also associated with changes in the way memories are stored and retrieved.

a. True
b. False

A

a. True

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57
Q

When older adults suffer from a decrease in their ________________skills, it becomes more difficult for them to ignore distractions when trying to have a conversation.

a. short-term memory
b. long-term memory
c. selective attention
d. nonselective attention

A

c. selective attention

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58
Q

As adults age through the later stages of the lifespan they experience complications in the ability to use _________________ which allows people to work from a generalized perception to generate a more detailed understanding.

a. top-down processing
b. bottom-up processing
c. active listening
d. passive listening

A

a. top-down processing

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59
Q

Kim found it increasingly frustrating to talk to her 76-year-old uncle about her life because she found herself having to make connections between each and every detail to help him understand what she was telling him, an indication that his __________________ was beginning to fail.

a. top-down processing
b. bottom-up processing
c. active listening
d. passive listening

A

b. bottom-up processing

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60
Q

With regard to older adults, you might not explicitly recognize that they are experiencing cognitive declines, but when they complain about not being able to ____________ those are indicators that it is time for a cognitive assessment.

a. maintain a conversation
b. read a newspaper
c. read instructions for medications
d. all of the choices

A

d. all of the choices

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61
Q

Sarah was immediately worried about her grandfather when she got off the plane and could tell that her grandfather ________________ by the way he was looking around. She didn’t know that this was a sign of a decrease in selective attention, commonly associated with cognitive aging.

a. felt guilty about not bring her flowers
b. didn’t recognize her in the crowd
c. was bored
d. wanted her to hurry

A

b. didn’t recognize her in the crowd

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62
Q

Memory changes vary widely through the later decades of adulthood because memory is a multidimensional cognitive process.

a. True
b. False

A

a. True

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63
Q

Conclusions about memory change across adulthood may be biased because; study participants may recall test questions from one assessment to the next.

a. True
b. False

A

a. True

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64
Q

Socioeconomic status plays a role in the extent of memory loss people experience in later adulthood.

a. True
b. False

A

a. True

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65
Q

Older adults from higher socioeconomic status backgrounds report ________________ in memory compared to peers from lower socioeconomic backgrounds.

a. a greater decrease
b. a greater increase
c. less decrease
d. more decrease

A

c. less decrease

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66
Q

Memory declines are less accelerated among older adults who are more _________________ engaged compared to those who are less so.

a. romantically
b. religiously
c. socially
d. politically

A

c. socially

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67
Q

In memory research, the majority of significant life events recalled by older adults occur during the same period of time,

a. childhood.
b. the recency bump.
c. the reminiscence bump.
d. life transitions.

A

c. the reminiscence bump.

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68
Q

Older adults get frustrated due to an increased frequency of knowing a piece of information but not being able to recall it, a feeling known as the __________________ phenomenon.

a. cat-has-my-tongue
b. tip-of-the-mind
c. tip-of-the-tongue
d. lost-but-not-found

A

c. tip-of-the-tongue

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69
Q

As Elio was telling stories about his life that made him the man he is today, his grandson was surprised to learn that the major experiences that shaped his grandfather’s life happened:

a. during his childhood.
b. in the past 5 years.
c. during emerging adulthood.
d. last year.

A

c. during emerging adulthood.

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70
Q

Grandchildren and great-grandchildren can be an asset to aging adults in that they can teach their aging grandparents how to use new technologies which; in turn, is associated with ___________________memory.

a. decreases in selective
b. increases in selective
c. decreases in working
d. increases in working

A

d. increases in working

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71
Q

Wisdom is a simple concept with a universally agreed upon definition.

a. True
b. False

A

a. True

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72
Q

Wisdom is knowledge plus expertise.

a. True
b. False

A

b. False

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73
Q

Wisdom is a distinct feature, descriptive only of the oldest-old.

a. True
b. False

A

b. False

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74
Q

The highest probability of achieving wisdom is associated with:

a. emerging adulthood.
b. young adulthood.
c. middle adulthood.
d. later adulthood.

A

d. later adulthood

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75
Q

Experts agree that wisdom involves a combination of:

a. common sense and experience.
b. personal insight and tolerance.
c. mature reasoning ability and solid decision making.
d. all of the choices

A

d. all of the choices

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76
Q

More than in Western cultures, Eastern cultures value wisdom and knowledge accumulated as an outcome of:

a. formal education.
b. cultural education.
c. life experience.
d. cross-cultural experience

A

c. life experience.

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77
Q

During later adulthood, adults gain sensitivity in their senses.

a. True
b. False

A

a. True

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78
Q

Changes associated with senses in older adulthood take place rapidly.

a. True
b. False

A

b. False

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79
Q

Visual decline begins in middle adulthood and accelerates in older adulthood.

a. True
b. False

A

a. True

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80
Q

Increasingly common in older adulthood ____________________ cloud the lens of the eye, giving the pupil a cloudy look.

a. allergies
b. cataracts
c. contacts
d. glasses

A

b. cataracts

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81
Q

The leading cause of vision loss for older adults is age-related:

a. glaucoma.
b. cataracts.
c. presbyopia.
d. macular degeneration.

A

d. macular degeneration.

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82
Q

Older adults who complain of pressure in the eye may be diagnosed with:

a. cataracts.
b. glaucoma.
c. epilepsy

A

b. glaucoma.

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83
Q

Both hearing loss and reduced sensitivity to touch can put older adults at risk due to a decreased likelihood that they will recognize:

a. warning signs of dangers.
b. insurance risks.
c. probability of injury.
d. the problems that they cause.

A

a. warning signs of dangers.

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84
Q

Alan was confused by all the frustrations he was having with his life. His 70-year-old wife laughed at him when he complained that “this restaurant served me bland food just to annoy me” and when he thought “someone tilted the street signs so I can’t see them now.” As a nurse, she knows it’s normal for him to experience decreases in his:

a. perceptual abilities.
b. like of others.
c. frustration tolerance.
d. ability to know what is reality

A

a. perceptual abilities

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85
Q

The fastest growing age group is people age 85 and older.

a. True
b. False

A

a. True

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86
Q

Over 50% of people in the hospital are over the age of 65.

a. True
b. False

A

a. True

87
Q

Health care administrators recognize that the lengthening of the human lifespan has resulted in the need for more:

a. geriatric nurses.
b. grandparent holidays.
c. casinos.
d. senior citizen perks.

A

a. geriatric nurses.

88
Q

While there is a growing need for nurses trained to work with older adult patients, there also is a:

a. shortage in geriatric nurses.
b. shortage in training programs for geriatric health practitioners.
c. lack of faculty to teach health care practices relevant to geriatric populations.
d. all of the choices

A

d. all of the choices

89
Q

The biggest nutritional issue among older adults is:

a. not having access to food.
b. undereating.
c. overeating.
d. none of the choices

A

c. overeating.

90
Q

Older adults need ____________ calories than people who are younger.

a. more
b. fewer
c. less nutritionally dense
d. more nutritionally dense

A

b. fewer

91
Q

Regular exercise in older adulthood has been associated with health benefits, but also the way they live their lives because exercise is associated with:

a. dependence.
b. independence.
c. working with family.
d. living with family

A

b. independence.

92
Q

Older adults who want to maintain their sexuality must confront barriers, such as:

a. physiological changes associated with aging.
b. stereotypes against sexual behavior in older adults.
c. both a and b
d. neither a nor b

A

c. both a and b

93
Q

The proportion of older adults engaging in sexual activity compares to the proportion of younger adults engaging in sexual activity;older adults remain sexually active, including approximately ___ of men and ____ of women.

a. 8%; 30%
b. 45%; 75%
c. 30%; 8%
d. 75%; 45%

A

c. 30%; 8%

94
Q

In addition to regular health care, nurses trained to treat the elderly specifically also serve as caregivers and educators and help meet distinct ____________________ needs of patients aged 65 and older.

a. emotional
b. spiritual
c. both a and b
d. neither a nor b

A

c. both a and b

95
Q

Older adults, like younger adults, may be quite interested in maintaining an active sex life. If an older adult experiences a sexual problem such as ____________________, geriatric-trained professionals will be less likely to incorrectly assume that older adults aren’t sexually active and will therefore be more likely to help them access successful treatments.

a. decreased libido
b. erectile dysfunction
c. sexual pain
d. all of the choices

A

d. all of the choices

96
Q

Worldwide, approximately 5% to 7% of adults over the age of 60 die with dementia.

a. True
b. False

A

a. True

97
Q

At any age, but more commonly in older adults, dementia is diagnosed when an individual experiences a loss of cognitive function.

a. True
b. False

A

a. True

98
Q

Among older adults, those who live in Latin America have an increased risk for dementia.

a. True
b. False

A

a. True

99
Q

Older adults diagnosed with dementia experience:

a. language impairment.
b. memory loss.
c. inability to recognize familiar people or objects.
d. any or all of the choices

A

d. any or all of the choices

100
Q

In older adults, vascular dementia is caused by:

a. restricted blood supply to the brain.
b. a series of mini-strokes.
c. both a and b
d. neither a nor b

A

c. both a and b

101
Q

In older adults, Lewy body dementia is diagnosed when there is evidence of:

a. visual hallucinations.
b. delusions.
c. unexpected falls.
d. all of the choices

A

d. all of the choices

102
Q

Older adults are the age group at greatest risk for ________________ disease, a progressive form of dementia that is an outcome of plaques and tangles forming in the brain.

a. Parkinson’s
b. Alzheimer’s
c. Lou Gehrig’s
d. all of the choices

A

b. Alzheimer’s

103
Q

When Brielle arrived with her parents for her favorite holiday, their annual, traditional Christmas celebration at her grandparents’ house, she cried when she found the house decorated with Easter and Valentine’s Day decorations and her grandmother dressed in red, white, and blue. Within a month, Brielle’s grandmother was diagnosed with:

a. dementia.
b. anxiety disorder.
c. mood disorder.
d. all of the choices

A

a. dementia.

104
Q

When people receive the news that a friend or family member has Alzheimer’s, it is particularly distressing because they learn that eventually their loved one will be unable to ______________ and will die from the disease

a. recognize their faces
b. feed themselves
c. recall cherished milestones and events
d. all of these

A

d. all of these

105
Q

During later adulthood, individuals encounter the last of Erikson’s eight psychosocial crises.

a. True
b. False

A

a. True

106
Q

During later adulthood, the final stage of psychosocial development is encountered: Integrity versus Despair.

a. True
b. False

A

a. True

107
Q

Older people engage in life review as a way of organizing their life by major themes.

a. True
b. False

A

a. True

108
Q

The question older adults are responding to, as they face the eighth task of psychosocial development, is:

a. Do others truly know who I am?
b. Do others see me as my best self?
c. Did I lead a meaningful life?
d. Did I lead a full life?

A

c. Did I lead a meaningful life?

109
Q

An older adult who has positively resolved the final stage of psychosocial development has:

a. been able to find order, meaning, and an integration of life experiences.
b. accepted positive parts of self and has rejected negative parts of self.
c. made amends for past mistakes.
d. apologized for transgressions against others.

A

a. been able to find order, meaning, and an integration of life experiences.

110
Q

Those older adults who have not successfully resolved the eighth, final stage of psychosocial development according to Erikson face the end of their lives feeling that life has:

a. been difficult.
b. treated them unfairly.
c. lacked meaning and significance.
d. been oppressive.

A

c. lacked meaning and significance

111
Q

On the road to healthy psychosocial development in adulthood, it is important for adults to face life’s challenges, take advantage of growth opportunities, and not accumulate:

a. regrets.
b. secrets.
c. enemies.
d. pain

A

a. regrets.

112
Q

Eliza, a visiting nurse, noticed that her older adult clients told the same stories again and again. When she learned that this was a therapeutic and normative way for older adults to make meaning of their lives, she felt honored to be involved in her clients’ life:

a. narrative.
b. review.
c. themes.
d. sharing

A

b. review.

113
Q

Life review, common in older adulthood, involves ____________________________ the experiences that characterize one’s life in retrospect.

a. surveying, observing, and summarizing
b. describing, sorting, and judging
c. naming, categorizing, and evaluating
d. all of the choices

A

a. surveying, observing, and summarizing

114
Q

Facilitating life review is an intervention that has the potential to _________________________ in older adults.

a. increase self-understanding
b. reduce depression
c. process feelings of loss, guilt, conflict, and defeat
d. all of the choices

A

d. all of the choices

115
Q

Counselors working with older adults help facilitate their clients’ growth and adjustment by _______________ them when they make judgments about their life experiences and advising them to practice _________________, which leads to integration.

a. challenging; acceptance
b. encouraging; acceptance
c. challenging; avoidance
d. encouraging avoidance

A

a. challenging; acceptance

116
Q

Luz and Paolo, grandparents to 18, didn’t know they were cultivating ___________when they spent each New Year’s Day with their grandchildren asking them to spend time thinking and talking about goals and planning ways to lead a meaningful life in the year ahead.

a. generativity
b. ego integrity
c. identity
d. self-esteem

A

b. ego integrity

117
Q

Personality traits are relatively stable throughout later adulthood.

a. True
b. False

A

a. True

118
Q

More so than in emerging adulthood, the way older adults spend their time contributes to personality change in late adulthood.

a. True
b. False

A

b. False

119
Q

When personality change does occur in later adulthood, it changes at the same rate in the same direction for everyone.

a. True
b. False

A

b. False

120
Q

The aging self is ___________ influenced by culture in later adulthood compared to early adulthood.

a. more
b. less
c. equally
d. not at all

A

a. more

121
Q

Culture determines the ______________ older adults rely upon to evaluate whether they have led a meaningful life.

a. values
b. norms
c. standards for success
d. all of the choices

A

d. all of the choices

122
Q

The life narrative of an older adult can be evaluated to determine ego integrity, by assessing ___________ in the person’s life story.

a. unity
b. purpose
c. meaning
d. all of the choices

A

d. all of the choices

123
Q

In the United States, reflecting high value placed on self and independence, a life story that is highly valued is the __________________ story.

a. self-fulfillment
b. rags-to-riches
c. both a and b
d. neither a nor b

A

c. both a and b

124
Q

Su Jin grew up in China and came to the United States when she was 40. Su Jin’s values influenced her self-narrative by organizing it around:

a. collectivist values common in East Asian countries.
b. collectivist values common in the Eastern United States.
c. individualistic values common in the United States.
d. individualistic values common in East Asian countries.

A

a. collectivist values common in East Asian countries

125
Q

According to social activity theory, healthy older adults are those who are involved in age-appropriate social activities.
A. True
B. False

A

A. True

126
Q

According to social activity theory, spending time with other older adults doing activities common for people their age is associated with:

a. physical fitness.
b. mental health.
c. economic security.
d. popularity with peers

A

b. mental health.

127
Q

Theorists who argue against social activity Theory as a useful lens for understanding successful aging argue that successful development in older adulthood:

a. has to involve a rare achievement.
b. has to involve community consensus.
c. involves a decrease in social activity.
d. involves an increase in social activity.

A

c. involves a decrease in social activity.

128
Q

Working from the social activity theory of aging, which of the following older adults would be described as “successfully” aging?

a. Dorothea who spends most of her day doing puzzles with her friends and reading
b. Donald who leads morning reflections and hosts the secular Shabbat dinner on Friday nights
c. Adele who takes pride in keeping the common areas clean and writing the community newsletter
d. all of the choices

A

d. all of the choices

129
Q

A key assumption of social aging theory is that successful aging occurs when people:

a. spend time engaged in age-appropriate tasks.
b. act younger than they are.
c. spend time in roles meant for older people.
d. spend time in intergenerational contexts.

A

a. spend time engaged in age-appropriate tasks.

130
Q

Disengagement rheory contends that it is normal for older adults to:

a. disengage from social roles.
b. focus energy on personal development.
c. reduce involvement with society.
d. all of the choices

A

d. all of the choice

131
Q

Disengagement theory suggests that society:

a. pushes older adults out of their social roles.
b. encourages older adults to isolate themselves.
c. needs older adults to withdraw so that middle-aged adults can take over their roles.
d. expects older adults to take a break from social obligations.

A

d. expects older adults to take a break from social obligations.

132
Q

A critique of activity theory and disengagement theory is that both theories assume that older adults in the same life stage act:

a. the same as one another.
b. different from one another.
c. consistent with healthy development.
d. inconsistent with healthy development.

A

a. the same as one another.

133
Q

SOC theory suggests that the behaviors of older adults are motivated by an inherent drive to:

a. minimize loss and differentiate self from others.
b. differentiate self from others and maximize emotional strength.
c. maintain strengths and minimize loss.
d. maintain strengths and differentiate self from others.

A

c. maintain strengths and minimize loss.

134
Q

As adults grow older and closer to the end of their years, they become _________________ with respect to their social relationships.

a. more critical
b. less critical
c. more selective
d. less selective

A

c. more selective

135
Q

Using socioemotional selectivity theory as a theoretical framework, a grandparent is likely to use the following familiar phrase ___________________ to advise grandchildren about the types of relationships worth investment.

a. “quality over quantity”
b. “birds of a feather flock together”
c. “you can choose your friends, but not your family”
d. “home is where the heart is

A

a. “quality over quantity”

136
Q

Older adults use SOC primarily to compensate for unavoidable ____________________ losses.

a. physical
b. mental
c. physical and mental
d. neither physical nor mental

A

c. physical and mental

137
Q

SOC was introduced as an alternative to earlier theories of aging to balance ideas about the need of older adults to balance age-related______________ and need to _______________.

a. disengagements; stay active
b. embarrassments; stay proud
c. loss of friends; stay social
d. loss of work life; earn income

A

a. disengagements; stay active

138
Q

Socioemotional selectivity theory and SOC are similar in that both recognize the older adult as a(n) _________ their social environments.

a. bystander in
b. observer of
c. nuisance that perturbs
d. agent that shapes

A

d. agent that shapes

139
Q

Socioemotional selectivity theory and SOC are similar in that both recognize the older adult as a(n) _________ their social environments.

a. bystander in
b. observer of
c. nuisance that perturbs
d. agent that shapes

A

d. agent that shape

140
Q

Socioemotional selectivity theory and SOC explain motivations for older adults; SST emphasizes _______________, while SOC emphasizes ____________________.

a. maximizing positive experiences; minimizing losses
b. minimizing negative experiences; optimizing gains
c. both a and b
d. neither a nor b

A

c. both a and b

141
Q

In the United States, work and retirement have changed dramatically over the past 50 years.

a. True
b. False

A

a. True

142
Q

In the United States, over the past 50 years ago one significant change in adults’ work lives is that retirement is now no longer mandatory.

a. True
b. False

A

a. True

143
Q

Only 5% of adults over age 70 remain employed in the United States.

a. True
b. False

A

a. True

144
Q

Spouses often coordinate their retirement.

a. True
b. False

A

a. True

145
Q

The length of time an adult expects to work until retirement changed with laws passed in _________ as part of the Age Discrimination in Employment Act.

a. 1987
b. 1977
c. 1967
d. 1957

A

c. 1967

146
Q

Currently, in the United States the average retirement ages for men and women, respectively, are ___ and ___.

a. 62; 64
b. 64; 62
c. 69; 71
d. 71; 69

A

b. 64; 62

147
Q

Some professionals, such as, police officers and pilots, are subject to more specific retirement laws due to work limitations imposed by:

a. normative aging.
b. the number of jobs available.
c. the lack of desirability.
d. stress and boredom.

A

a. normative aging.

148
Q

Currently, at age ____, a worker in the United States can retire and qualify to receive retirement benefits.

a. 62
b. 67
c. 72
d. 77

A

b. 67

149
Q

Planning for retirement is a developmental task associated with older adulthood.

a. True
b. False

A

b. False

150
Q

The transition to retirement is often associated with _________________ in marital quality.

a. a decrease
b. an increase
c. extreme fluctuation
d. no change

A

a. a decrease

151
Q

During the first phase of retirement, the adult:

a. is still employed.
b. feels like he or she is on a vacation.
c. spends time traveling.
d. focuses time and energy on hobbies.

A

a. is still employed

152
Q

The “retirement phase”:

a. is a period of time spent catching up on sleep and relaxation.
b. can go in different directions depending on personal feelings about being unemployed.
c. often triggers depression associated with isolation and loneliness.
d. encourages individuals to reflect positively on accomplishments

A

b. can go in different directions depending on personal feelings about being unemployed.

153
Q

When retirement is associated with negative feelings or experiences, such as the death of a spouse, developmentalists refer to this as:

a. the disenchantment phase.
b. refractory depression.
c. postretirement trauma.
d. complicated grief.

A

a. the disenchantment phase.

154
Q

A Family Life Educator may be helpful during the retirement transition, particularly helping older adults ______________________ during the reorientation phase.

a. reenter the workforce to regain a sense of competence
b. plan a second career
c. plan how they want to spend their time and energy in the future
d. none of the choices

A

c. plan how they want to spend their time and energy in the future

155
Q

How well an older adult adjusts to retirement depends on:

a. overall health and level of activity.
b. income and level of education.
c. ability to be flexible and adjust to life changes.
d. all of the choices

A

d. all of the choices

156
Q

In older adulthood, it is common for social relationships to undergo dramatic shifts.

a. True
b. False

A

a. True

157
Q

Older adulthood is a stage of the lifespan when most adults begin to experience the deaths of friends.

a. True
b. False

A

a. True

158
Q

In older adulthood, having a long-time partner can serve as a buffer against the challenges of normative aging.
A. True
B. False

A

a. True

159
Q

Older couples are beginning to choose _______________ when they remain unmarried, much like younger couples have been doing for the past few decades.

a. to have two homes
b. living together apart
c. cohabitation
d. intergenerational households

A

c. cohabitation

160
Q

Older adults __________________ sexual activity.

a. maintain an interest in
b. prefer intimate conversation over
c. equally prefer intimate conversation and
d. find it difficult to express preferences for

A

a. maintain an interest in

161
Q

According to a study reported in your text describing responses of nursing home residents, sexual activity is:

a. not at all a priority.
b. a topic they rarely think about.
c. moderately important in their lives.
d. centrally significant in their lives

A

c. moderately important in their lives.

162
Q

Sexual activity in older adulthood is influenced by physiological changes associated with normative aging, including:

a. changes in hormone levels.
b. the ability to reach orgasm into their 70s.
c. both a and b
d. neither a nor b

A

c. both a and b

163
Q

Recent studies suggest that sexually transmitted infections are ________________ in older adulthood.

a. not a concern
b. a growing concern
c. worse
d. very common

A

b. a growing concern

164
Q

The social convoys of older adults are comprised of:

a. the new people they meet after middle adulthood.
b. people in their own age group.
c. a variety of relationships; some old, some new.
d. relationships they’ve had their entire lives.

A

c. a variety of relationships; some old, some new

165
Q

__________________ are the type of grandparents most likely to spoil their grandchildren.

a. Companionate
b. Remote
c. Involved
d. Beanpole

A

a. Companionate

166
Q

___________________ are the type of grandparents most likely to be disappointed if their grandchildren don’t send formal thank you notes for the birthday money the grandparents send them in the mail.

a. Companioniate
b. Remote
c. Involved
d. Beanpole

A

b. Remote

167
Q

When Sarah got divorced, she moved in with her sister. Their mother, Lucia, also moved in to care for Sara’s daughter, Emma, who was only 4 months old. This modern arrangement describes a ________________ family.

a. blended
b. beanpole
c. bigenerational
d. neo-generational

A

b. beanpole

168
Q

________________ are often older adults, family members who keep generations tied together, maintain the traditions, and organize holidays and celebrations.

a. Kinkeepers
b. Kindred relatives
c. Family organizers
d. Family managers

A

a. Kinkeepers

169
Q

Linda and Gary welcomed their adult daughter back home along with her three children. Soon they were surprised to find themselves packing lunches, getting their grandchildren on the bus for school, and taking them to their afterschool activities. These _____________________ grandparents loved their time with their grandchildren, but also found themselves very tired and stressed at the end of each week.

a. companioniate
b. remote
c. involved
d. beanpole

A

c. involved

170
Q

Bella and Joe, _________________, did not want their grandchildren entering the foster care system after their son-in-law passed away from cancer. They were devastated, after his death, to watch their own, adult daughter develop a substance use disorder that put her children at risk time after time. They felt they didn’t have a choice; they went to court, filed for, and won legal custody and guardianship.

a. family warriors
b. silent saviors
c. interim caretakers
d. disappointed guardians

A

b. silent saviors

171
Q

Ageism is age discrimination.

a. True
b. False

A

a. True

172
Q

Ageism promotes feelings of youthfulness among older adults.

a. True
b. False

A

b. False

173
Q

Age discrimination is a federal offense, associated with serious legal consequences for perpetrators.

a. True
b. False

A

b. False

174
Q

Ageism involves _________________________ against older adults.

a. stereotypical attitudes
b. prejudicial behavior
c. negative beliefs
d. all of the choices

A

d. all of the choices

175
Q

The roots of ageism are:

a. unfounded beliefs about older adults.
b. normative features of aging.
c. common characteristics of older adults.
d. preferences for younger adults.

A

a. unfounded beliefs about older adults.

176
Q

Intentional maltreatment or neglect of an older person by a caregiver or trusted individual constitutes:

a. elder abuse.
b. infantalization.
c. ageism.
d. age discrimination

A

a. elder abuse.

177
Q

A risk factor known to be associated with cases of elder abuse is:

a. family stress.
b. low financial resources.
c. poor relationship quality with caregiver.
d. all of the choices

A

d. all of the choices

178
Q

In general, Western, individualistic cultures tend to _______________ age in comparison to Eastern, collectivist cultures.

a. devalue
b. revere
c. equally value
d. ignore

A

a. devalue

179
Q

When a caretaker of an older adult uses “baby talk” to explain how to use a cell phone, this is an example of the way people _________________ older people.

a. categorize
b. stereotype
c. infantilize
d. socialize

A

c. infantilize

180
Q

Ellis and Sam, both physicians, are well aware of the fact that elder abuse can occur in caregiving settings. When evaluating assisted living facilities for their parents, they took care to ____________________ residents as indicators of sub-standard care and risk for elder abuse.

a. look for signs of dehydration in
b. evaluate the hygiene routines of
c. ask about any bruises they observed on
d. all of the choices

A

d. all of the choices

181
Q

Developmentalists interested in the cultural context of aging study ____________ to determine differences in the value different cultures place on age.

a. language
b. income
c. education
d. housing

A

a. language

182
Q

As adults approach the end of their lives, religion and spirituality often take on an increasingly important role.

a. True
b. False

A

a. True

183
Q

Older adults are more likely than younger adults to belong to a religious or spiritual organization.

a. True
b. False

A

a. True

184
Q

Spirituality is different from religion; spirituality refers to a personal and emotional connection that transcends everyday events.

a. True
b. False

A

a. True

185
Q

In older adulthood, a stronger religious faith is associated with:

a. stronger social connections with others.
b. opportunities to keep active.
c. neither a nor b
d. both a and b

A

d. both a and b

186
Q

In older adults, some scientific evidence suggests that religious involvement is protective against:

a. depression.
b. substance use disorders.
c. anxiety disorders.
d. family disengagement.

A

a. depression.

187
Q

Eighty-year-old Risa’s spirituality is important to her because, in a number of ways, she feels that her spirituality:

a. is the core of her religious identity.
b. differentiates her from her parents’ religious affiliation.
c. reflects her personal journey through life and the lessons she learned.
d. provides her with a vision of her future that does not involve death.

A

c. reflects her personal journey through life and the lessons she learned.

188
Q

An older adult has high emotional well-being when there is an absence of mental illness.

a. True
b. False

A

b. False

189
Q

Emotional well-being plays less of a role in the lives of older adults compared to younger adults.

a. True
b. False

A

b. False

190
Q

In older adulthood, emotional well-being is a protective factor associated with physical health.
A. True
B. False

A

A. True

191
Q

An older adult who shows signs of “flourishing” is likely to:

a. have a sense of meaning and purpose in life.
b. have a positive emotional life.
c. contribute to the lives of others.
d. all of the choices

A

d. all of the choices

192
Q

In older adulthood, from a SOC perspective, it makes sense that finding ways to maintain ______________________independence would be associated with emotional well-being.

a. functional
b. attitudinal
c. relational
d. recreational

A

a. functional

193
Q

Sid lives in a residential care facility that he chose because it was as close to the home he lived in before he could no longer easily use the stairs to get to his bedroom on the second floor. He had a few visitors when he first moved in, but now he has few. He tells staff that he hates his “empty and hollow” life. Developmental scientists would describe Sid’s emotional well-being as:

a. low flourishing
b. languishing
c. low emotional tone
d. absent emotional tone

A

b. languishing

194
Q

The majority of older adults, over age 65, live alone.

a. True
b. False

A

b. False

195
Q

As age increases, the percentage of older adults living alone increases.

a. True
b. False

A

a. True

196
Q

.Over 50% of older adults, over age 65, live in assisted living residences.

a. True
b. False

A

b. False

197
Q

For older adults who are not functionally independent, an assisted living residence provides:

a. food.
b. medical care.
c. shelter.
d. all of the choices

A

d. all of the choices

198
Q

An older adult is most likely to experience a problem with ________________, a problem associated with a decreased ability to live independently.

a. talking
b. walking
c. reading
d. eating

A

b. walking

199
Q

The activities of daily living, when compromised, are indicators of an older adult’s need for assisted living, for example:

a. bathing/showering and eating
b. dressing and walking
c. using the toilet and getting in a chair
d. all of the choices

A

d. all of the choices

200
Q

Emile felt fortunate to have three adult children living in his neighborhood. He believed this would make it possible for him to ______________, an arrangement he strongly preferred over moving into an assisted living facility.

a. live with the adult child who provided the best care
b. live with his grandchildren
c. age in place
d. take turns living with relatives

A

c. age in place

201
Q

One benefit of an assisted living facility is that it provides older adults with a greater opportunity to _______________ compared to nursing home care.

a. retain autonomy and independence
b. choose roommates
c. have access to medical care
d. socialize with others

A

a. retain autonomy and independence

202
Q

There is a significant increased likelihood that those over the age of ______ live in a nursing home.

a. 65
b. 70
c. 75
d. 85

A

d. 85

203
Q

Brent recognized that his mother’s move into a nursing home was an indicator that she would likely live another ____ years.

a. 10–15
b. 8–10
c. 5–8
d. 2–3

A

d. 2–3

204
Q

Depression and loneliness are common in older adulthood.

a. True
b. False

A

a. True

205
Q

Older adults are very likely to specifically use the term depression to tell a friend, relative, or doctor if they believe they are experiencing depression.

a. True
b. False

A

b. False

206
Q

Depression is a normal response to life events in older adulthood, for example, in response to the death of a friend.

a. True
b. False

A

b. False

207
Q

Depression is different from normal sadness or grief in that it is:

a. more persistent and pervasive.
b. scarier and rarer.
c. both a and b
d. neither a nor b

A

a. more persistent and pervasive.

208
Q

In older adults and younger adults, depression presents:

a. in the same way.
b. in different ways.
c. as anxiety.
d. as extreme sadness.s

A

b. in different ways.

209
Q

A key symptom of depression in older adults is:

a. anxiety.
b. slowing of thoughts.
c. both a and b
d. neither a nor b

A

c. both a and b

210
Q

Suicide is a leading cause of death in older adulthood.

a. True
b. False

A

b. False

211
Q

Depression is a risk factor for suicide in older adulthood.

a. True
b. False

A

a. True

212
Q

The rate of suicide in older adulthood (over 65) is approximately ____ per 100,000.

a. 2
b. 5
c. 10
d. 15

A

d. 15

213
Q

Older adults are __________ to seek treatment for depression.

a. very likely (80% seek treatment)
b. likely (60% seek treatment)
c. unlikely (40% seek treatment)
d. very unlikely (20% seek treatment)

A

d. very unlikely (20% seek treatment

214
Q

After age 60, suicide rates ______________ for men and ________________for women.

a. increase; decrease
b. decrease; increase
c. increase; increase
d. decrease; decrease

A

a. increase; decrease

PSYC Lifespan (9 decks)

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