UNIT 5

Question 1

Puberty is a biological process.

a. True
b. False

Answer 1

a. True

Question 2

The general sequence of puberty is universal; it is the same for adolescents all around the globe.

a. True
b. False

Answer 2

a. True

Question 3

Puberty comes from the Latin word pubertas, which means “adolescent.”

a. True
b. False

Answer 3

b. False

Question 4

Puberty is a hormonal process that results in:

a. reproductive competence.
b. general physical development.
c. maturation of the reproductive system.
d. all of the choices

Answer 4

d. all of the choices

Question 5

One of the five key changes of puberty is the development of specific organs in the body responsible for reproduction, which are called:

a. primary sex characteristics.
b. secondary sex characteristics.
c. physical sex characteristics.
d. none of the choices

Answer 5

a. primary sex characteristics.

Question 6

_______________________ appear during puberty. They are associated with sex hormones but are unrelated to reproductive capability.

a. Primary sex characteristics
b. Secondary sex characteristics
c. Physical sex characteristics
d. None of the choices

Answer 6

b. Secondary sex characteristics

Question 7

During puberty, it is typical to see a growth spurt in:

a. height.
b. weight.
c. height and weight.
d. noner of the choices

Answer 7

c. height and weight.

Question 8

Onset of puberty is initiated by a chemical process, specifically activated by:

a. hormones.
b. sleep.
c. weight.
d. nutrition.

Answer 8

a. hormones.

Question 9

In females, during pubescence, a number of changes can be expected, including:

a. growth of pubic hair.
b. appearance of underarm hair.
c. growth of primary breasts.
d. all of the choices

Answer 9

d. all of the choices

Question 10

In females and males, postpubescence is marked by:

a. fertility.
b. growth spurt .
c. both a and b
d. neither a nor b

Answer 10

a. fertility.

Question 11

In males, during pubescence, a number of changes can be expected, including:

a. underarm hair.
b. pubic hair growth.
c. appearance of facial hair.
d. all of the choices

Answer 11

d. all of the choices

Question 12

Spermarche describes the:

a. increase during puberty in the number of sperm contained in ejaculate.
b. maturation of sperm into viable sperm cells capable of fertilizing an egg.
c. first ejaculation of sperm by an adolescent male.
d. first ejaculation by an adolescent male, often not containing sperm.

Answer 12

c. first ejaculation of sperm by an adolescent male.

Question 13

Menarche describes the first:

a. release of a fertile egg.
b. menstrual period of a human female, signaling the beginning of puberty.
c. time a girl begins her menstrual cycle within 28 to 32 days of the prior menstrual cycle.
d. ovulation during which an egg is not fertilized.

Answer 13

b. menstrual period of a human female, signaling the beginning of puberty.

Question 14

The timing of menarche is influenced by:

a. ethnicity.
b. body fat.
c. nutrition.
d. all of the choices

Answer 14

d. all of the choices

Question 15

Adolescents who begin puberty earlier—the “early maturers”—are at:

a. increased risk for mental health problems.
b. decreased risk for mental health problems.
c. risk for mental health problems; only girls.
d. risk for mental health problems; only boys.

Answer 15

c. risk for mental health problems; only girls.

Question 16

The endocrine system, primarily the _____________________, organizes the biological cascade of changes associated with puberty.

a. ovaries
b. testes
c. HPA axis
d. adrenals

Answer 16

c. HPA axis

Question 17

While puberty marks the biological transition from adolescence into adulthood, the bridge to adulthood is also marked by social customs or ________________ in some cultures.

a. sociocultural rituals
b. rites of passage
c. cultural events
d. cultural passages

Answer 17

b. rites of passage

Question 18

Cultures vary with respect to the specific ways the transition to adulthood is socially recognized, but the cultural process of becoming an adult generally proceeds in three stages:

a. individuation, tradition, and incorporation.
b. emancipation, individuation, and consolidation.
c. separation, transition, and incorporation.
d. accommodation, individuation, and consolidation.

Answer 18

c. separation, transition, and incorporation.

Question 19

This first stage of becoming an adult, ___________________, involves making gains in physical and psychological distance from the contexts in which the person lived as an adolescent.

a. separation,
b. emancipation
c. accommodation
d. individuation

Answer 19

a. separation,

Question 20

This second stage of becoming an adult, ___________________, involves learning how to become an adult.

a. separation,
b. incorporation
c. transition
d. individuation

Answer 20

c. transition

Question 21

This third stage of becoming an adult, ___________________, involves returning to the community from which the individual left as an adolescent, now prepared to take on adult roles and responsibilities.

a. separation,
b. incorporation
c. transition
d. individuation

Answer 21

b. incorporation

Question 22

Sarah’s mother was pleased to hear the pediatrician explain why 13-year-old Sarah has experienced so many complaints about the way her clothes fit her this year. It’s not just that she is continuing through her growth spurt, it’s also because puberty gives rise to:

a. increased skin sensitivity.
b. feeling restricted.
c. mild allergic reactions.
d. redistribution of fat and muscle.

Answer 22

d. redistribution of fat and muscle.

Question 23

“Red-shirting” kindergarten students is the act of “holding back” a student an extra year before beginning school. One goal of this parenting choice is to take advantage of pubertal growth in adolescence. There is one case in which this is viewed as particularly beneficial in the United States: Being the _____________ in the class gives a height and weight advantage in sports.

a. oldest boy
b. oldest girl
c. youngest boy
d. youngest girl

Answer 23

a. oldest boy

Question 24

During adolescence, gray matter decreases due to:

a. dendritic proliferation.
b. dendritic pruning.
c. synaptic pruning.
d. synaptic proliferation.

Answer 24

c. synaptic pruning.

Question 25

During adolescence, changes in gray matter take place primarily in the:

a. cingulate gyrus.
b. hippocampus.
c. amygdala.
d. prefrontal cortex.

Answer 25

d. prefrontal cortex.

Question 26

Maturation of the prefrontal cortex through adolescence results in development of the brain’s ability to engage in complex cognitive processes.

a. True
b. False

Answer 26

a. True

Question 27

From a developmental systems perspective, in adolescence the development of grey matter has a unidirectional influence on the development of white matter.

a. True
b. False

Answer 27

b. False

Question 28

We’ve made strides in our understanding of the adolescent brain due to technological advances, such as the advent of fMRI.

a. True
b. False

Answer 28

b. False

Question 29

fMRI allows researchers to see images of the adolescent brain while it is functioning, for example, while an adolescent is taking a test.

a. True
b. False

Answer 29

a. True

Question 30

In adolescence, developmental maturation of white matter is associated with:

a. increased myelin.
b. language development.
c. both a and b
d. neither a nor b

Answer 30

c. both a and b

Question 31

In adolescence, developmental maturation of gray matter is associated with:

a. synaptic pruning.
b. development of executive functions.
c. both a and b
d. neither a nor b

Answer 31

c. both a and b

Question 32

In adolescence, normative development is characterized by an increase in bone density.

a. True
b. False

Answer 32

a. True

Question 33

In adolescence, there is an increased likelihood of experiencing a bone break due to heightened levels of activity.

a. True
b. False

Answer 33

a. True

Question 34

The adolescent “growth spurt” involves an acceleration of gains in both height and weight.

a. True
b. False

Answer 34

a. True

Question 35

At the peak of the adolescent growth spurt, the teen is growing at about the same rate as a _____-year-old.

a. 2
b. 5
c. 7
d. 9

Answer 35

a. 2

Question 36

Adolescents gain approximately ____ inches of height per year at the peak of the growth spurt.

a. 1 to 2
b. 3 to 4
c. 5 to 6
d. 7 to 8

Answer 36

b. 3 to 4

Question 37

Adolescent growth is __________________, which is why teens may perceive themselves and their peers as awkward looking.

a. asynchronous
b. synchronous
c. standardized
d. unstandardized

Answer 37

a. asynchronous

Question 38

In adolescence, not all body parts grow at the same rate, and one side of the body may grow at a different rate compared to the other side, resulting in _________________for a short time.

a. symmetry
b. asymmetry
c. equal development
d. unequal development

Answer 38

b. asymmetry

Question 39

Maturation of the skeletal system through adolescence is associated with awkward phases of _________________ development.

a. physical
b. self
c. both a and b
d. neither a nor b

Answer 39

c. both a and b

Question 40

Adolescents will again establish ________________________ after the changes of puberty slow down.

a. equilibrium
b. industry
c. ego integrity
d. all of the choices

Answer 40

a. equilibrium

Question 41

Ellie’s self-esteem began to waiver significantly around her 12th birthday. Her father, a developmentalist, is most likely to say this to her:

a. You’re experiencing a temporary awkward stage of development.
b. You will soon be through this and will feel like yourself again.
c. Your sense of self has come unbalanced due to all the physical changes you are experiencing.
d. all of the choices

Answer 41

d. all of the choices

Question 42

Connor was his school’s basketball star all through elementary school and through sixth grade. This year, in seventh grade, he falls at least once a game and he can’t make the “money shots” that, only a year ago, had been so easy for him to deliver. His coach is not a developmentalist; his coach gives advice from a different lens. Most likely the coach told Connor:

a. You better get to the gym and practice; this only happens when players cut corners in practice.
b. Give your body time to readjust to its new proportions.
c. neither a nor b
d. both a and b

Answer 42

a. You better get to the gym and practice; this only happens when players cut corners in practice.

Question 43

The muscular system is the one functional system that does not grow and develop during puberty.

a. True
b. False

Answer 43

b. False

Question 44

Males and females show the same pattern of change in the muscular system from ages 6 to 18.

a. True
b. False

Answer 44

b. False

Question 45

There are sex differences in muscle development in adolescence.

a. True
b. False

Answer 45

a. True

Question 46

During adolescence, muscle growth occurs when sarcomeres, which are muscle _______________, join existing muscle.

a. fibers
b. tones
c. cells
d. tendons

Answer 46

a. fibers

Question 47

During adolescence, muscles generally become:

a. stronger.
b. longer.
c. more flexible.
d. all of the choices

Answer 47

d. all of the choices

Question 48

The following factor influences the amount and rate of muscle gain during adolescence:

a. hormones.
b. activity level.
c. ethnic background.
d. all of the choices

Answer 48

d. all of the choices

Question 49

One context that appears to motivate adolescents to build muscle is:

a. individual sports.
b. playing sports video games, such as Wii sports.
c. team sports.
d. vacation.

Answer 49

c. team sports.

Question 50

Hormones such as ________________ contribute to gains in muscle mass when teens participate in physical activities that also promote muscle development.

a. human growth hormone
b. insulin
c. thyroid hormone
d. all of the choices

Answer 50

d. all of the choices

Question 51

From a Piagetian perspective, adolescence is primarily associated with the development of formal operational thinking.

a. True
b. False

Answer 51

a. True

Question 52

Piaget’s fourth stage of cognitive development is the final stage of cognitive development, most often achieved near or in adolescence.

a. True
b. False

Answer 52

a. True

Question 53

The development of formal operational thinking is a common maturational milestone in adolescence.

a. True
b. False

Answer 53

a. True

Question 54

One way a parent can tell that his or her adolescent is beginning to develop formal operational thinking is by the appearance of _______________thinking.

a. informal
b. formal
c. abstract
d. literal

Answer 54

c. abstract

Question 55

The ability to formulate varying solutions in one’s mind and to think through the effectiveness of each possible solution is the process of __________________________reasoning.

a. hypothetical-deductive
b. abstract-literal
c. trial-and-error
d. a-not-b

Answer 55

a. hypothetical-deductive

Question 56

Adolescents are significantly less likely to use ___________________ thinking compared to elementary school-aged students.

a. hypothetical-deductive
b. abstract-literal
c. trial-and-error
d. a-not-b

Answer 56

c. trial-and-error

Question 57

Having the capability to use formal operational thinking:

a. is an indicator that an adolescent uses formal operational thinking exclusively.
b. does not necessarily imply that the adolescent uses it.
c. implies that an adolescent is likely to use it in science and math before using it for everyday reasoning.
d. implies that an adolescent is likely to use it for language arts and then in science and math.

Answer 57

b. does not necessarily imply that the adolescent uses it

Question 58

Formal operational thinking is achieved by _____________________ adolescents and adults.

a. all
b. some but not all
c. the vast majority of
d. a very small percentage of

Answer 58

b. some but not all

Question 59

Middle schools that operate form a developmental lens monitor the development of formal operational thinking because such achievements signal a student’s preparedness to:

a. compute basic functions, for example, subtraction.
b. understand concepts of algebra.
c. memorize math facts.
d. visualize math facts, such as the multiplication table

Answer 59

b. understand concepts of algebra.

Question 60

Abstract thinking is essential for scientific thinking because it is required to be able to:

a. conduct a thorough literature review.
b. formulate hypotheses.
c. run statistical analyses.
d. write a data report for publication.

Answer 60

b. formulate hypotheses.

Question 61

David Elkind’s work on adolescent development offers a framework for understanding the emotional world of teens.

a. True
b. False

Answer 61

a. True

Question 62

Normal development through adolescence involves the teen experiencing himself as star of his own movie.

a. True
b. False

Answer 62

a. True

Question 63

In adolescence, the imaginary audience refers to parents, friends, and family.

a. True
b. False

Answer 63

a. True

Question 64

Elkind’s concept of adolescent egocentrism refers to the adolescents’ tendency to see themselves as:

a. responsible for their own and others’ behaviors.
b. the center of the social world.
c. cognitively capable but emotionally immature.
d. they would like to be seen

Answer 64

b. the center of the social world.

Question 65

When 14-year-old Samantha is certain that the texts students are reading before class are about her having a “bad hair day,” she is assuming there is a(n):

a. imaginary audience.
b. personal audience.
c. personal fable.
d. “good hair day.”

Answer 65

a. imaginary audience.

Question 66

Derek—he’s 16 years of age—told his father that he’s not going to clean his room, he’s going out with his friends, and then he added, “Dad, you should give the star of the school basketball team a break!” Derek’s belief that he should be exempt from his chores is an element of his:

a. imaginary audience.
b. personal fable.
c. ego ideal
d. superego.

Answer 66

b. personal fable.

Question 67

Egocentrism is:

a. unique to adolescence.
b. a lifespan process.
c. a risk factor.
d. a protective factor.

Answer 67

b. a lifespan process.

Question 68

Adolescent egocentrism is a phase of a lifespan process that involves negotiating _______________ from birth through death.

a. attachment
b. self–other relatedness
c. personal identity
d. cultural identity

Answer 68

b. self–other relatedness

Question 69

Cognitive maturation resulting in the attainment of ______________________ triggers the rise of ________________________.

a. formal operational thinking; adolescent egocentrism
b. formal operational thinking; the imaginary audience
c. concrete operations; adolescent egocentrism
d. concrete operations; the imaginary audience

Answer 69

a. formal operational thinking; adolescent egocentrism

Question 70

Applying Elkind’s concepts, which of the following statements are we most likely to find empirical support for in the research literature?

a. Adolescents are more likely to engage in high-risk behaviors such as highway racing when they are alone versus when they are with their peers.
b. Adolescents are more likely to engage in high-risk behaviors such as highway racing when they are with their peers versus when they are alone.
c. Adolescents are more likely to self-injure when they are alone.
d. Adolescents are more likely to self-injure when they are with peers.

Answer 70

b. Adolescents are more likely to engage in high-risk behaviors such as highway racing when they are with their peers versus when they are alone.

Question 71

Applying Elkind’s concepts, which of the following statements are we most likely to find support for in the research literature?

a. Positive feelings about presenting in the front of the class to other students are likely to decrease from fifth to ninth grade.
b. Positive feelings about presenting in the front of the class to other students are likely to increase from fifth to ninth grade.
c. For girls only, positive feelings about presenting in the front of the class to other students are likely to decrease from fifth to ninth grade.
d. For boys only, positive feelings about presenting in the front of the class to other students are likely to decrease from fifth to ninth grade.

Answer 71

a. Positive feelings about presenting in the front of the class to other students are likely to decrease from fifth to ninth grade.

Question 72

Adolescents do a very good job estimating long-term consequences associated with risky behavior.

a. True
b. False

Answer 72

a. True

Question 73

Almost all adolescents strongly underestimate the immediate consequences of high-risk behavior.

a. True
b. False

Answer 73

b. False

Question 74

Optimistic bias is unique to adolescence; a phenomenon not found in adults.

a. True
b. False

Answer 74

b. False

Question 75

In adolescence, optimistic bias refers to the tendency for teens to believe that they are personally ______________their peers to experience a negative consequence.

a. less likely than
b. more likely than
c. more likely than a minority
d. equally as likely as

Answer 75

a. less likely than

Question 76

Findings from developmental science offer __________________support for the assertion that immature rain development is responsible for the high rate of risk-taking behaviors in adolescence.

a. weak
b. moderate
c. strong
d. mixed

Answer 76

d. mixed

Question 77

At this stage of substance use in adolescence, the ________________________stage, professional intervention is essential because the adolescent is likely to have lost support from friends and family who had, in the past, been willing to help.

a. experimental
b. social
c. instrumental
d. compulsive

Answer 77

d. compulsive

Question 78

Parents of adolescents often find it difficult to determine whether or not they need to seek help—for example, whether to take their teen to a therapist when the adolescent is found to be using substances. The confusion is particularly high during the ______________________stage, when the teen is not experiencing any _______________________.

a. experimental; physical addiction
b. instrumental; physical addiction
c. experimental; serious problems
d. instrumental; serious problems

Answer 78

c. experimental; serious problems

Question 79

Caleb was certain he’d be able to complete two back flips off of the hotel balcony into the pool even though he didn’t believe any of his peers could do it. This is an example of the way the consequences of one’s high-risk behaviors are ___________________ due to _____________________ in adolescence.

a. underestimated; egocentrism
b. overestimated; egocentrism
c. underestimated; optimistic bias
d. overestimated; optimistic bias

Answer 79

c. underestimated; optimistic bias

Question 80

According to developmental scientists, adolescence is a universal period of storm and stress for teens in all countries across the globe.

a. True
b. False

Answer 80

a. True

Question 81

The positive youth development perspective offers an alternative to the storm and stress view of adolescence.

a. True
b. False

Answer 81

a. True

Question 82

The core belief central to the positive youth development perspective is that adolescents are “resources to be developed, not resources to be managed.”

a. True
b. False

Answer 82

a. True

Question 83

There are ________________ pillars of positive youth development.

a. five
b. seven
c. nine
d. ten

Answer 83

a. five

Question 84

One pillar of positive youth development, ___________________, emphasizes the necessity of having a positive view of one’s actions across a wide variety of domains, specifically domains in which adolescents invest a great deal of time and resources, for example, with peers and in school.

a. competence
b. confidence
c. connection
d. caring/compassion

Answer 84

a. competence

Question 85

In the seventh grade assembly, Elijah was honored for his work promoting tolerance and respect for differences between students that make each of them unique. His award suggests that he would score high on a measure of positive youth development, specifically on a scale assessing

a. competence.
b. confidence.
c. connection.
d. character.

Answer 85

d. character.

Question 86

When Christine’s parents were preoccupied with their divorce, they fought often and frequently brought the kids into the fights. It’s not surprising that Christine’s __________________ plummeted because stress undermines positive youth development across all domains; in this case, it really took a toll on Christine’s personal sense of her self-worth.

a. competence
b. character
c. confidence
d. caring/compassion

Answer 86

c. confidence

Question 87

Positive youth development (PYD) is a modern view of characteristics believed to be instrumental in predicting healthy development not only in adolescence, but also into adulthood. Specifically, PYD predicts the likelihood that an individual will:

a. score high on the SAT.
b. be accepted at an Ivy League university.
c. make contributions to his or her social world.
d. earn a high income.

Answer 87

c. make contributions to his or her social world.

Question 88

Politicians interested in supporting positive youth development lobby for investment of state funds to increase teens’ access to

a. college loans.
b. developmental assets.
c. housing vouchers.
d. health insurance.

Answer 88

b. developmental assets.

Question 89

In the United States, sexual activity is common among teens; by 12th grade over 50% of teens have had sex.

a. True
b. False

Answer 89

a. True

Question 90

The rate of condom use by teenagers during their sexual encounters decreases from ninth to twelfth grade.

a. True
b. False

Answer 90

a. True

Question 91

There are differences by race in the percentage of teens who have ever had sex.

a. True
b. False

Answer 91

a. True

Question 92

Since becoming sexually active, approximately ____of adolescents report having had sex with four or more partners.

a. 2%
b. 5%
c. 10%
d. 15%

Answer 92

d. 15%

Question 93

In developing countries, the following factor increases the likelihood of a teen becoming sexually active.

a. illiteracy rate
b. unemployment
c. neither a nor b
d. both a and b

Answer 93

d. both a and b

Question 94

One reason sex at an early age is a concern for developmentalists around the globe is that early sex increases risk for:

a. HIV infection.
b. unintended pregnancy.
c. both a and b
d. neither a nor b

Answer 94

c. both a and b

Question 95

Adolescents benefit from learning that sexually transmitted infections are:

a. all treatable.
b. curable within a year.
c. preventable.
d. life-lasting.

Answer 95

c. preventable.

.

Question 96

Adolescents who learn about abstinence and safe sex practices receive what is known as:

a. scaffolding.
b. comprehensive sexuality education.
c. abstinence-only sex education.
d. censored sex education.

Answer 96

b. comprehensive sexuality education.

Question 97

Abstinence-only sex education programs are delivered in school districts that vote to not teach adolescents:

a. safe sex techniques.
b. what sexual intercourse involves.
c. about sexually transmitted diseases.
d. about sexually transmitted infections

Answer 97

a. safe sex techniques.

Question 98

In the United States, a larger percentage of males compared to females reports having had sex for the first time before age 13. In developing countries:

a. a larger percentage of females versus males reports having had sex before age 13.
b. the same trend is reported.
c. these statistics are not collected.
d. sex before age 13 is a crime.

Answer 98

a. a larger percentage of females versus males reports having had sex before age 13.

Question 99

In the United States, sexually transmitted diseases _________________________ adolescents.

a. affect both male and female
b. rich and poor
c. disproportionately infect rich, male
d. both a and b

Answer 99

d. both a and b

Question 100

Alcohol is the most common drug used by adolescents.

a. True
b. False

Answer 100

a. True

Question 101

More than half of high school students have used alcohol by the end of high school.

a. True
b. False

Answer 101

a. True

Question 102

Alcohol use among adolescents has been increasing steadily over the past two decades.

a. True
b. False

Answer 102

b. False

Question 103

In adolescence, alcohol use increases risk for:

a. unintentional injuries.
b. physical altercations.
c. illegal behaviors.
d. all of the choices

Answer 103

d. all of the choices

Question 104

One protective factor associated with a decreased likelihood of using illegal substances in adolescence is:

a. school engagement.
b. social relations with peers.
c. good communication with parents.
d. all of the choices

Answer 104

d. all of the choices

Question 105

Under natural conditions, that is, when there are no external demands on their schedule, the adolescent sleep–wake rhythm operates on a(n) ________________compared to sleep–wake patterns of childhood.

a. stage delay
b. phase delay
c. regular cycle
d. irregular cycle

Answer 105

b. phase delay

Question 106

When Sam was on summer vacation after ninth grade, he allowed his body to shift toward a more natural rhythm. It’s most likely that his parents noticed that Sam both:

a. delayed bedtime; and delayed wake time.
b. delayed bedtime; and established an earlier wake time.
c. maintained the same bedtime; and delayed wake time.
d. maintained the same bedtime; and established an earlier wake time.

Answer 106

a. delayed bedtime; and delayed wake time.

Question 107

When school board members met to discuss a proposal to change start time at the local high school, school board members turned to recent findings from developmental science research that indicate _____________________ are associated with _______________ in adolescence.

a. later beginnings; a wide range of health and educational benefits
b. earlier beginnings; a wide range of health and educational benefits
c. later beginnings; educational benefits, but not health benefits
d. earlier beginnings; educational benefits, but not health benefits

Answer 107

a. later beginnings; a wide range of health and educational benefits

Question 108

The natural state of the adolescent is change rather than stability.

a. True
b. False

Answer 108

A. True

Question 109

Our modern-day, positively skewed understanding of teenagers reflects G. Stanley Hall’s rose-colored view of the adolescent.

a. True
b. False

Answer 109

b. False

Question 110

Around 1900 when Hall introduced the concept of adolescence, a sizable minority of 10- to 15-year-olds were employed.
A. True
B. False

Answer 110

A. True

Question 111

In the early 1900s, the age of adulthood was:

a. 15.
b. 16.
c. 17.
d. 18.

Answer 111

b. 16.

Question 112

In the early 1900s, the typical adolescent lived in a state of:

a. full dependence on parents.
b. semi-independence from parents.
c. full independence from parents.
d. none of the choices

Answer 112

b. semi-independence from parents.

Question 113

Adolescence emerged as a developmental stage in the context of the Industrial Revolution, which provided adolescents opportunities to:

a. work and earn money to save for college.
b. work and earn money for their families.
c. live in cities and get married earlier.
d. live in cities and move away from their parents.

Answer 113

b. work and earn money for their families.

Question 114

Laws that required adolescents to __________________ were introduced in the 1900s in an effort to protect adolescents from ___________________.

a. take sex education courses; STDs
b. take sex education courses; early marriage
c. attend school; dedicating their work lives to agriculture
d. attend school; the demands of adult work

Answer 114

d. attend school; the demands of adult work

Question 115

Laws that required adolescents to spend more years in school affected the:

a. average age adolescents planned to get married.
b. actual age adolescents got married.
c. length of time adolescents were financially dependent on parents.
d. length of time adolescents were emotionally dependent on parents.

Answer 115

c. length of time adolescents were financially dependent on parents.

Question 116

In the 1900s, semi-independence involved continuing to live with one’s family-of-origin while also contributing to the household economy by:

a. working on the family farm.
b. contributing to the economic activities of their families.
c. apprenticing under another family’s authority.
d. any of the choices

Answer 116

d. any of the choices

Question 117

The storm and stress view of adolescence assumes that ______________________is a universal feature of the teen years.

a. parental conflict
b. moodiness
c. risk-taking
d. all of the choices

Answer 117

d. all of the choices

Question 118

According to more recent empirical studies of parent–adolescent conflict, developmentalists understand that:

a. conflict does not dominate parent–adolescent relationships.
b. parents and adolescents have disagreements about insignificant and superficial issues.
c. the majority of adolescents have positive feelings toward their parents.
d. all of the choices

Answer 118

d. all of the choices

Question 119

While moodiness is not a universal or key feature of the adolescent experience, when teens do experience moodiness it is often the result of their:

a. neglecting to make financial contributions to the household in which they live.
b. refusing to make financial contributions to the household in which they live.
c. attempting to navigate emerging autonomy and parents trying to accommodate to that developmental need.
d. attempting to gain independence from their parents and their parents’ refusal to grant full independence.

Answer 119

c. attempting to navigate emerging autonomy and parents trying to accommodate to that developmental need.

Question 120

Adolescence remains a developmental stage associated with the notion that risk-taking behaviors are common; research indicates that breaking rules:

a. and deviant behavior are uncommon
b. and deviant behavior are indeed very common.
c. occurs only when parents are too permissive.
d. occurs only when an adolescent spends time with peers who are bad influences.

Answer 120

a. and deviant behavior are uncommon

Question 121

G. Stanley Hall took a(n) __________________ approach to the study of adolescence.

a. biological
b. psychological
c. sociological
d. interdisciplinary

Answer 121

d. interdisciplinary

Question 122

The end of adolescence, when Hall introduced the concept, marked what milestone in lifespan development?

a. Approximately 1/10 of the human lifespan was complete.
b. Approximately 1/5 of the human lifespan was complete.
c. Approximately 1/3 of the human lifespan was complete.
d. Approximately ½ of the human lifespan was complete.

Answer 122

c. Approximately 1/3 of the human lifespan was complete.

Question 123

The psychosocial crisis associated with adolescence is identity versus role confusion.

a. True
b. False

Answer 123

a. True

Question 124

The positive resolution of identity versus role confusion in adolescence is the ability to adopt and maintain a coherent and integrated sense of himself and purpose.

a. True
b. False

Answer 124

a. True

Question 125

If an adolescent does not resolve his or her identity in adolescence, it may increase the likelihood of delaying the crisis to middle adulthood, in other words—a midlife crisis.

a. True
b. False

Answer 125

a. True

Question 126

Resolution of identity versus role confusion is encouraged by the adolescent reflecting on the question:

a. Who am I?
b. What do I want to be?
c. How do I let others know my identity?
d. all of the choices

Answer 126

d. all of the choices

Question 127

A healthy developing adolescent will turn to ____________________ for information that helps him refine his identity.

a. parents
b. friends
c. media
d. All choices are important.

Answer 127

d. All choices are important.

Question 128

Evidence of adolescent role confusion may manifest as:

a. a dazed look
b. incoherent responses to questions from authority.
c. fully adopting the identity of someone the teen admires.
d. none of the choices

Answer 128

c. fully adopting the identity of someone the teen admires.

Question 129

Identity-confused adolescents are __________________ about who they are.

a. certain
b. uncertain
c. happy
d. unhappy

Answer 129

b. uncertain

Question 130

James Marcia proposed that there are ____________ identity statuses rather than the two proposed by Erikson.

a. three
b. four
c. five
d. six

Answer 130

b. four

Question 131

Positive resolution of the identity crisis according to Erikson is consistent with which of Marcia’s identity statuses?

a. diffusion
b. foreclosure
c. moratorium
d. achievement

Answer 131

d. achievement

Question 132

Identity __________________ refers to a state of exploration of one’s identity without commitment.

a. diffusion
b. foreclosure
c. moratorium
d. achievement

Answer 132

c. moratorium

Question 133

Identity development is consistent across all domains of development. That is, an adolescent is likely to have the same level of identity resolution with respect to religious, occupational, political, and relational identity.

a. True
b. False

Answer 133

b. False

Question 134

Adolescents are less likely to experience negative feelings and problems associated with identity development when identity _______________is reached; compared to identity __________________.

a. foreclosure; achievement
b. foreclosure; diffusion
c. diffusion; moratorium
d. diffusion; foreclosure

Answer 134

b. foreclosure; diffusion

Question 135

John’s dad is a mechanic and not a developmentalist by nature. He’s often annoyed with 16-year-old Christopher, his son, who has made little progress in deciding what career he wants to pursue, but he spends hours choosing which shirt and hat to wear to have pizza with his friends. A developmentalist might explain that adolescents:

a. focus on the superficial before the serious, for example, their careers.
b. have too many choices; limit the clothing he has.
c. are irresponsible.
d. enjoy making their parents angry.

Answer 135

a. focus on the superficial before the serious, for example, their careers.

Question 136

A parent may wonder if a teen is depressed when he isolates himself from others, has low mood, and stops doing the things he used to do that made him happy. A developmentalist may wonder about barriers to developing a healthy identity and may specifically assess whether the adolescent is experiencing identity:

a. diffusion.
b. foreclosure.
c. moratorium.
d. achievement.

Answer 136

a. diffusion.

Question 137

Ethnic identity may or may not be a central concern of an adolescent.

a. True
b. False

Answer 137

a. True

Question 138

Minority or majority status influences ethnic identity development in adolescence.

a. True
b. False

Answer 138

a. True

Question 139

Like other domains of identity development, ethnic identity is resolved through dual processes: exploration and commitment.

a. True
b. False

Answer 139

a. True

Question 140

In adolescence, ethnic identity development involves:

a. choosing whether to become a member of an ethnic group.
b. deciding whether or not to publicly reject the values of one’s ethnic group.
c. resolving positive and negative views about one’s ethnic group membership.
d. selecting an ethnicity that fits one’s belief and value system.

Answer 140

c. resolving positive and negative views about one’s ethnic group membership.

Question 141

Adolescent ethnic identity is influenced by acculturation, the:

a. extent to which family values are influenced by culture.
b. extent to which and adolescents values are the same as peers’ values.
c. process of a minority culture adopting the values of the majority culture.
d. process of a majority culture adopting the values of the minority culture.

Answer 141

c. process of a minority culture adopting the values of the majority culture.

Question 142

According to Phinney, adolescents from minority cultures who are in Stage 1 of ethnic minority identity formation:

a. accept without question the values and opinions of the majority culture.
b. feel confused by the choices they have with respect to forming an ethnic identity.
c. have thought about and selected an ethnic identity consistent with his or her beliefs and values.
d. none of the choices

Answer 142

a. accept without question the values and opinions of the majority culture.

Question 143

According to Phinney, Stage 2 of ethnic minority identity formation is consistent with Marcia’s notion of identity:

a. achievement.
b. foreclosure.
c. diffusion.
d. moratorium.

Answer 143

d. moratorium.

Question 144

According to Phinney, Stage 3 of ethnic minority identity formation is characterized by:

a. resolution of one’s identity after consideration of one’s ethnicity.
b. an openness to ongoing consideration of options.
c. making a choice to delay the search for ethnic identity.
d. making the choice to honor the choice of one’s parents.

Answer 144

a. resolution of one’s identity after consideration of one’s ethnicity.

Question 145

In adolescence, gender identity refers to:

a. one’s sexual preference for sexual activity with a boy or a girl.
b. the perceptions that others have concerning whether a person looks like a boy or a girl.
c. the desire to be treated like a boy or a girl by one’s peers.
d. one’s perception of whether he or she is more like a girl or a boy with respect to activity preferences, personality traits, and attitudes

Answer 145

d. one’s perception of whether he or she is more like a girl or a boy with respect to activity preferences, personality traits, and attitudes

Question 146

______________________about femininity and masculinity develop through childhood and influence gender identity in adolescence.

a. Gender schemas
b. Sex schemas
c. Gender goals
d. Sexual goals

Answer 146

a. Gender schemas

Question 147

Adolescent sexual orientation is determined at birth and does not change.

a. True
b. False

Answer 147

b. False

Question 148

When Adele is 14, she understands her sexual orientation to be heterosexual. Through adolescence her sexual orientation:

a. will not change.
b. may change.
c. will certainly change.
d. will change more than once.

Answer 148

b. may change.

Question 149

Manuel asked his friends to call him “Mike.” Although he was born in the United States, his parents were born in Mexico and Manuel wants to de-identify with his parents’ culture. Developmentalists designing interventions to support ethnic identity development are likely to encourage Manuel to:

a. disown his parents’ culture.
b. adopt a bicultural identity.
c. use his real name regardless of his identity choice.
d. none of the choices

Answer 149

b. adopt a bicultural identity.

Question 150

The most significant change in the world of adolescents is the increase in freedom they experience.

a. True
b. False

Answer 150

a. True

Question 151

With adolescence, there comes an increasingly likelihood that peers know more than parents about an adolescent’s life.

a. True
b. False

Answer 151

a. True

Question 152

In adolescence, school is both an academic and a social context.

a. True
b. False

Answer 152

a. True

Question 153

Since the 1960s, high school dropout rates have:

a. decreased.
b. increased.
c. remained steady.
d. fluctuated significantly.

Answer 153

a. decreased.

Question 154

High school dropout rates are _________________ different race/ethnicity groups.

a. the same for
b. different for
c. reliable for
d. unreliable for

Answer 154

b. different for

Question 155

Middle school and junior high students are increasingly encouraged to focus on _________________goals over __________________ goals.

a. performance; mastery
b. mastery; performance
c. long-term; short-term
d. short-term; long-term

Answer 155

a. performance; mastery

Question 156

Middle school and junior high schools provide students with __________________ compared to elementary school.

a. less autonomy and control
b. more autonomy and control
c. more art and music education
d. less art and music education

Answer 156

a. less autonomy and control

Question 157

Middle school and junior high school teachers ____________________ compared to elementary school teachers.

a. are less emotionally connected to students
b. feel less effective with their students
c. have many more students
d. all of the choices

Answer 157

d. all of the choices

Question 158

Compared to the increased risks for school drop-out associated with the transition from elementary to middle school, the transition from junior high to high school is associated with;

a. many of the same problems.
b. fewer problems.
c. different problems.
d. none of the choices

Answer 158

a. many of the same problems.

Question 159

To reduce risk for school drop-out, researchers have focused their attention on the transition to junior high and specifically the:

a. confluence of puberty, changing schools, and increased academic demands.
b. heightened opportunity to prevent stress.
c. benefit of sex education.
d. need for art and music training.

Answer 159

a. confluence of puberty, changing schools, and increased academic demands.

Question 160

Ryan and Adam were both in the gifted and talented program. But in sixth grade, they began to skip school. The difficulty of the schoolwork had nothing to do with their unhappiness in school, it was the _______________________that undermined their motivation to attend.

a. lack of opportunity to make their own decisions
b. high level of teacher control and low value for self-directedness
c. routinization of the learning experience
d. all of the choices

Answer 160

d. all of the choices

Question 161

The power dynamic between parents and adolescents shifts through the teen years.

a. True
b. False

Answer 161

a. True

Question 162

Adolescents are able to describe differences in peers who have different attachment styles.

a. True
b. False

Answer 162

a. True

Question 163

After childhood, the Adult Attachment Interview is used to assess an individual’s attachment schema.

a. True
b. False

Answer 163

a. True

Question 164

In adolescence, the relationship adolescents have with their parents changes with respect to:

a. the affective quality of their relationship.
b. attachment.
c. the balance of power.
d. all of the choices

Answer 164

d. all of the choices

Question 165

Securely attached adolescents are likely to __________________ their early attachments.

a. avoid talking about
b. freely describe and evaluate without judgment
c. spend a great deal of time focused on
d. none of the choices

Answer 165

b. freely describe and evaluate without judgment

Question 166

Insecurely attached/dismissive adolescents are likely to __________________ their early attachments.

a. avoid talking about
b. freely describe and evaluate without judgment
c. spend a great deal of time focused on
d. none of the choices

Answer 166

a. avoid talking about

Question 167

Insecurely attached/preoccupied adolescents are likely to __________________ their early attachments.

a. avoid talking about
b. freely describe and evaluate without judgment
c. spend a great deal of time focused on
d. none of the choices

Answer 167

c. spend a great deal of time focused on

Question 168

According to peer reports, securely attached adolescents are:

a. less anxious.
b. more prosocial.
c. resilient.
d. all of the choices

Answer 168

d. all of the choices

Question 169

Parenting style from early childhood ______________________ adolescence.

a. shows continuity through
b. is interrupted by
c. shifts in the opposite direction in
d. none of the choices

Answer 169

a. shows continuity through

Question 170

Melinda’s mother died of a drug overdose when Melinda was 11, and her father married a woman who was not maternal to neither Melinda nor her sister. Both teenagers are doing well in high school, have a good group of friends, and plan to go to college. It’s very likely that Melinda’s father has a(n) _______________ parenting style.

a. high warmth
b. high conflict
c. authoritarian
d. authoritative

Answer 170

d. authoritative

Question 171

A parenting class for parents of adolescents would encourage both mothers and fathers to demonstrate ____________if they want to facilitate a healthy relationship between themselves and their teens.

a. trust
b. honesty
c. openness
d. all of the choices

Answer 171

d. all of the choices

Question 172

Peer crowds have clear boundaries.

a. True
b. False

Answer 172

a. True

Question 173

In adolescence, high-status peer crowds have tighter boundaries than low-status crowds.

a. True
b. False

Answer 173

a. True

Question 174

In adolescence, crowd membership is determined by peers’ perceptions of how well a student does in school.

a. True
b. False

Answer 174

b. False

Question 175

Crowd membership in adolescence influences an adolescent’s:

a. self-concept of achievement.
b. self-esteem.
c. self-awareness.
d. none of the choices

Answer 175

b. self-esteem.

Question 176

Adolescents shape their own experiences through choosing to be members of a(n) _______________, a group of friends who share similar values and behaviors.

a. crowd
b. clique
c. ethnic group
d. none of the choices

Answer 176

b. clique

Question 177

Peers are aware that other adolescents belonging to a certain ___________________, even when an adolescent has no idea that he or she shares similar attributes with others.

a. crowd
b. clique
c. ethnic group
d. none of the choices

Answer 177

a. crowd

Question 178

The majority of adolescents are ___________________, average students who have little influence on what is and is not cool.

a. “normals”
b. “druggies/toughs”
c. “nobodies”
d. “populars”

Answer 178

a. “normals”

Question 179

A small group of adolescents belong to the _____________________ crowd, a small group of students who tend to set trends and dictate who is “in” and who is “out.”

a. “normals”
b. “druggies/toughs”
c. “nobodies”
d. “populars

Answer 179

d. “populars

Question 180

Parents concerned about their teen’s media use will benefit in knowing the risk factors known to be associated with problematic internet use, including:

a. neglecting basic needs.
b. feeling angry, tense, and depressed when prohibited from using the Internet.
c. feeling the need for more and better computer equipment.
d. all of the choices

Answer 180

d. all of the choices

Question 181

A developmentalist might teach adolescents to self-monitor for problematic Internet use by teaching them to look out for signs such as:

a. lying about how much time he or she is spending on the Internet.
b. socially isolating themselves to spend more time online.
c. receiving lower grades than he or she is able to earn.
d. all of these

Answer 181

d. all of these

Question 182

. A developmentalist presenting a workshop to middle school teachers would emphasize that __________________ to help them understand the peer world of teens.

a. adolescents spend more time in peer groups than children do
b. adolescents are preoccupied with being accepted by their peer group
c. it is normal for teens to increase their orientation to the peer world, away from the adult world,
d. all of the choices

Answer 182

d. all of the choices

Question 183

Along with five other teens, Jacob was caught stealing small items from a department store. The police interviewed each of them separately and recognized that, unlike the other four, Jacob’s desire to fit into this particular crowd of peers made him especially vulnerable. They released Jacob to his parents, explaining to them the role that peer ________________ played in Jacob’s poor choices and told Jacob to stop __________________ to fit in.

a. pressure; taking risks
b. nominations; making friends
c. pressure; making friends
d. nominations, taking risks

Answer 183

a. pressure; taking risks

Question 184

Almost all adolescents between ages 15 and16 are in romantic relationships.

a. True
b. False

Answer 184

a. True

Question 185

All adolescent romantic relationships are all very similar.

a. True
b. False

Answer 185

b. False

Question 186

Exclusive attachments are not possible in adolescence because teens don’t have the capability of sharing deep feelings.

a. True
b. False

Answer 186

b. False

Question 187

During adolescence, teens whose sexual identity and preferences don’t conform to the norm face:

a. stigma;
b. prejudice;
c. discrimination;
d. all of the choices

Answer 187

d. all of the choices

Question 188

The “status phase” of building a romantic relationship is all about dating:

a. at least one person.
b. the right person.
c. many others.
d. all of the choices

Answer 188

b. the right person

Question 189

Dating violence in adolescence is characterized by:

a. physical assault.
b. psychological abuse.
c. sexual violence.
d. any of the choices

Answer 189

d. any of the choices

Question 190

Annually, approximately ____ of U.S. teens are victims of dating violence.

a. 2%
b. 5%
c. 10%
d. 33%

Answer 190

d. 33%

Question 191

Early in the process of recognizing and becoming aware of an emerging homosexual attraction, an adolescent is likely to experience:

a. identity confusion.
b. identity achievement.
c. identity foreclosure.
d. all of the choices

Answer 191

a. identity confusion.

Question 192

Later in the process of becoming aware of a homosexual attraction, an adolescent is likely to experience:

a. identity acceptance.
b. identity pride.
c. identity synthesis.
d. all of the choices

Answer 192

d. all of the choices

Question 193

Jen and Joyce were wondering what middle school would bring for their son, Ed. They watched for signs that Ed was beginning to have interest in a romantic relationship. Specifically, they were waiting to see signs of him:

a. taking notice of and becoming more interested in one other person who is not necessarily “just a friend.”
b. wanting to be introduced to new adolescents, such as friends of friends.
c. trying to find ways to hang out alone in his room with a person who is more than a friend.
d. spending more time texting one person almost exclusively.

Answer 193

a. taking notice of and becoming more interested in one other person who is not necessarily “just a friend.

Question 194

Compared to peers who are attracted to the opposite sex and don’t feel the need to consider their sexual preferences, the teen who does question whether his or her sexual identity conforms to the majority is more likely to:

a. be a target of violence and victimization.
b. perceive low social support and have fewer social resources.
c. experience health problems.
d. all of the choices

Answer 194

a. be a target of violence and victimization.

Question 195

Risk that an adolescent will engage in juvenile delinquency or criminal activity is primarily genetically determined.

a. True
b. False

Answer 195

b. False

Question 196

Juvenile delinquency has increased since the 1990s, peaking within the past year.

a. True
b. False

Answer 196

b. False

Question 197

Emotion regulation in adolescence is influenced by the pathway of emotion regulation development that begins early in the lifespan.

a. True
b. False

Answer 197

a. True

Question 198

Around __ of all violent crimes and property crimes are committed by adolescents.

a. 2%
b. 5%
c. 10%
d. 20%

Answer 198

d. 20%

Question 199

Cognitive development influences emotional development in adolescence by:

a. limiting the amount of time it takes for an adolescent to process his or her emotions.
b. exposing the teen to the overemotionality of peers.
c. restricting the expression of emotions for fear of being teased by peers.
d. expanding the meanings an adolescent can attach to his or her emotions.

Answer 199

d. expanding the meanings an adolescent can attach to his or her emotions.

Question 200

. __________________ is an emotion-regulation strategy that allows a teen to interpret his or her emotional response and choose how to make meaning of his or her experience.

a. Expressive suppression
b. Cognitive reappraisal
c. Cognitive dissonance
d. Cognitive distortion

Answer 200

b. Cognitive reappraisal

Question 201

Evan felt a strong reaction when he found out he was not invited to the party his friend had planned for the following night. _________________ wasn’t the most adaptive emotion-regulation strategy he could have used, but it was necessary because he had much work to complete before leaving for the ban¬¬d competition that afternoon.

a. Expressive suppression
b. Cognitive reappraisal
c. Cognitive dissonance
d. Cognitive distortion

Answer 201

a. Expressive suppression

Question 202

The cascade effect, when used to explain the pathway to juvenile delinquency, recognizes that there is a link between _________________ that increases the risk for problem behaviors in adolescence.

a. parent maltreatment and academic problems
b. parent abuse and problems with peers
c. parent neglect and running away from home
d. all of the choices

Answer 202

d. all of the choices

Question 203

Depression is typical in adolescence; it’s normal for teens to have at least one episode during their adolescence.

a. True
b. False

Answer 203

b. False

Question 204

Depression in adolescence is predicted by environmental risk, such as exposure to family stress or peer problems.

a. True
b. False

Answer 204

b. False

Question 205

A longer-lasting depression that appears to be part of a teen’s personality is cause for concern, requiring a professional to assess the teen for:

a. bipolar disorder.
b. dysthymia.
c. cyclothymia.
d. antisocial personality.

Answer 205

b. dysthymia.

Question 206

Adolescents who are concerned with not wanting others to know they are dealing with depression want to avoid the ______________ associated with mental illness.

a. lack of popularity
b. stigma
c. guilt
d. financial cost

Answer 206

b. stigma

Question 207

Treating adolescents with antidepressants:

a. can be very effective.
b. is unlikely to be effective.
c. is not a legal option.
d. carries both risks and benefits.

Answer 207

d. carries both risks and benefits.

Question 208

Erica was supposed to be going to the prom this weekend; instead she is in bed. When her parents tell the pediatrician that Erica __________________, the pediatrician tells the parents to bring Erica in immediately to be evaluated for depression.

a. feels sad, empty, and hopeless
b. has lost about 10 pounds in the past 2 weeks
c. wishes she wasn’t alive
d. any of the choices

Answer 208

d. any of the choices

Question 209

Suicide may again become a concern in adolescence, although currently it is not a risk associated with adolescence.
A. True
B. False

Answer 209

B. False

Question 210

Caucasian adolescents have been and continue to be at greater risk for suicide in adolescents compared to peers from minority groups.

a. True
b. False

Answer 210

B. False

Question 211

Obsessive thoughts about suicide—suicidal ________________—is a risk factor for acts of suicide.

a. ideation
b. identification
c. comprehension
d. compulsion

Answer 211

a. ideation

Question 212

Deliberate self-injury with no suicidal intent is troubling adolescent behavior and is often a form of:

a. self-punishment.
b. managing negative emotions.
c. communicating personal distress.
d. all of the choices

Answer 212

d. all of the choices

Question 213

Adolescents who engage in nonsuicidal self-injury:

a. do so to cause sharp physical pain.
b. are trying to distract themselves from their emotional pain.
c. generate feelings of shame and guilt toward the self.
d. all of the choices

Answer 213

d. all of the choices

Question 214

Depression, suicidal ideation, and nonsuicidal self-injury are risk factors associated with unwanted, negative health outcomes at all ages but may be particularly painful for adolescents who feel trapped due to:

a. low rates of health insurance coverage.
b. their parents not understanding what adolescence is like for them.
c. features of adolescent egocentrism.
d. peers experiencing the same problems

Answer 214

c. features of adolescent egocentrism.