UNIT 4

Question 1

________ scaffolds have been increasingly used in recent years.

a. Teacher
b. Peer
c. Social
d. Technology

Answer 1

d. Technology

Question 2

In regards to memory formation, information travels through ________, then ________, then ________, respectively.

a. sensory memory; working memory; long-term memory
b. working memory; short-term memory; long-term memory
c. sensory memory; long-term memory; short-term memory
d. short-term memory; long-term memory; sensory memory

Answer 2

a. sensory memory; working memory; long-term memory

Question 3

Social and emotional learning programs seek to foster ________ non-subject matter competence(s).

a. 7
b. 1
c. 3
d. 5

Answer 3

d. 5

Question 4

Compared to earlier years, the rate of growth of both height and weight ________ in middle to late childhood

a. stays the same
b. slows down
c. None of the answers are correct.
d. speeds up

Answer 4

b. slows down

Question 5

Melissa is unable to sit in her chair during reading time. She has to stand up and move arounD. Instead of following the book, she likes to look around the room and does not pay attention to what is being reaD. Melissa most likely has ________ disorder.

a. autism spectrum
b. specific learning
c. attention-deficit/hyperactivity
d. intellectual disability

Answer 5

c. attention-deficit/hyperactivity

Question 6

The process of assisting a less experienced individual through complex tasks by providing supports is known as

a. ZPD
b. teaching
c. cognitive load
d. scaffolding

Answer 6

d. scaffolding

Question 7

An achievement goal that focuses on self-improvement and skill development, while downplaying ability level and peer comparison, is called a ________ goal.

a. mastery
b. direct
c. primary
d. performance

Answer 7

a. mastery

Question 8

Charlie is eight years old and is very good at soccer. His ability is a direct result of the maturation of

a. the prefrontal cortex
b. grey matter
c. the cerebellum
d. white matter

Answer 8

b. grey matter

Question 9

Tiffany is told that shape A is bigger than shape B and that shape B is bigger than shape C. She is then asked about the difference between shape A and shape C. If Tiffany is in the concrete operational stage, her answer will most likely be

a. A is smaller than C.
b. None of the answers are correct.
c. A is the same as C.
d. A is bigger than C

Answer 9

d. A is bigger than C

Question 10

Kelly is teaching her class how to reaD. She has the class look at a word and break it down to hear the different sounds. Kelly uses the ________ approach.

a. syllable
b. whole-language
c. sound-it-out
d. phonics

Answer 10

d. phonics

Question 11

Both Cindy and her dad Lou are taking piano lessons. Cindy finds that she is able to learn how to play new songs faster than her dad. Based on this, we can say Cindy has

a. None of the answers are correct.
b. efficiency
c. consistency
d. flexibility

Answer 11

c. consistency

Question 12

________ is an abstract, verbal, mathematical, and logical type of thinking.

a. Analytical intelligence
b. Creative intelligence
c. Triarchic intelligence
d. Practical intelligence

Answer 12

a. Analytical intelligence

Question 13

Recent research reports that the prevalence of prescribed ADHD drugs for Canadian children ________ between 1994 and 2007.

a. significantly decreased
b. significantly increased
c. did not change significantly
d. increased by 50%

Answer 13

b. significantly increased

Question 14

Asthma rates are higher in children from lower SES households because they

a. are unable to get treatment
b. do not have good health care
c. do not have sufficient doctors
d. have poorer health overall

Answer 14

d. have poorer health overall

Question 15

________ is a key area of problem solving.

a. Strategy construction
b. Selective attention
c. All of the answers are correct.
d. Automatization

Answer 15

c. All of the answers are correct.

Question 16

Poverty influences development in middle childhood via

a. all of the alternatives
b. assaults on personal dignity
c. lack of social inclusion
d. restricted access to material assets

Answer 16

a. all of the alternatives

Question 17

A strong reliance on heteronomous morality in middle childhood indicates that moral development is

a. on time
b. overdeveloped
c. delayed
d. None of the answers are correct.

Answer 17

c. delayed

Question 18

Parents engaged in a high-conflict relationship with one another are more likely to use ________ parenting with adolescent children.

a. mild and unpredictable
b. harsh and inconsistent
c. strict and consistent
d. mild and inconsistent

Answer 18

b. harsh and inconsistent

Question 19

Effective parenting in middle childhood involves learning to ________ less and ________ more.

a. monitor; punish
b. monitor; direct
c. direct; monitor
d. direct; reward

Answer 19

c. direct; monitor

Question 20

Low ________ is one reason a child may believe he or she is not capable of doing well in school.

a. self-esteem
b. All of the answers are correct.
c. self-efficacy
d. self-concept of ability

Answer 20

b. All of the answers are correct.

Question 21

An example of a self-conscious emotion that a nine year old might experience is

a. envy
b. pride
c. All of the answers are correct.
d. embarrassment

Answer 21

c. All of the answers are correct.

Question 22

According to Kohlberg, a developmentalist would conclude that a child is operating at the preconventional level of moral development if she

a. was focused on what she can “get away with”
b. behaved according to what was most personally satisfying
c. tried to avoid punishment and get as many rewards as possible
d. All of the answers are correct.

Answer 22

d. All of the answers are correct.

Question 23

Popular children are more likely to be

a. All of the answers are correct.
b. sensitive
c. friendly
d. cooperative

Answer 23

a. All of the answers are correct.

Question 24

In middle childhood, resolving the task of industry versus inferiority results in a child

a. attaining a strong sense of their future self
b. achieving the foundation of an ideal self
c. internalizing a sense of competence
d. expecting that others will see them as competent

Answer 24

c. internalizing a sense of competence

Question 25

Data reported by the World Health Organization show that ________ per cent of eleven-year-olds report being bullied in Canadian schools.

a. 17
b. 11
c. 4
d. 30

Answer 25

a. 17

Question 26

Eleven-year-old Kaitlyn, who is best known for her amazing vocabulary and writing skills, wanted to ________ the trophy she won for running in the local 5K, expecting to feel ________.

a. show her peers; envied
b. hide the trophy from her peers; shame
c. hide the trophy from her peers; anger
d. show her peers; pride

Answer 26

d. show her peers; pride

Question 27

When Martha, a developmentalist, teaches parents how to help scaffold moral development in school-aged children, she suggests that parents and teachers encourage their students to

a. enforce the rules, even if others do not
b. consider why someone is doing what he or she is doing
c. think about the consequences before he or she acts
d. tell an adult when someone else is “bad”

Answer 27

b. consider why someone is doing what he or she is doing

Question 28

As children get older, they get better at distinguishing between ________ stressors, which makes them better able to apply effective coping strategies.

a. authoritative and authoritarian
b. ruminative and punitive
c. controllable and uncontrollable
d. active and passive

Answer 28

c. controllable and uncontrollable

Question 29

Adolescent peer groups become

a. more private (low adult supervision)
b. All of the answers are correct.
c. larger
d. more diverse

Answer 29

b. All of the answers are correct.

Question 30

The process of learning about one’s abilities and characteristics by observing how they compare with those of others is known as social

a. comparison
b. compensation
c. optimization
d. selection

Answer 30

a. comparison

Question 31

121. Asthma rates are higher in children from lower SES households because they:
     a. do not have good health care.
     b. do not have sufficient doctors.
     c. have poorer health overall.
     d. are unable to get treatment.

Answer 31

c. have poorer health overall.

Question 32

120. Since 1980 obesity rates have:
     a. doubled.
     b. tripled.
     c. quadrupled.
     d. stayed the same.

Answer 32

b. tripled.

Question 33

119. Asthma is the ______ cause of child hospitalization.
     a. second leading
     b. leading
     c. third leading
     d. none of the choices

Answer 33

b. leading

Question 34

118. ________ is a chronic illness in which the airways of the lung constrict, resulting in decreased air flow.
     a. Bronchitis
     b. Bronchial infection
     c. Asthma
     d. Bronchial swelling

Answer 34

c. Asthma

Question 35

117. The recommended average of physical activity is _________ minutes every day.
     a. 45
     b. 30
     c. 60
     d. 20

Answer 35

c. 60

Question 36

114. Ethnic minorities and low-income communities experience the _____ rates of childhood obesity.
     a. lowest
     b. highest
     c. same
     d. none of the choices

Answer 36

b. highest

Question 37

115. Physical activity aids in:
     a. developing the cardiovascular system.
     b. improving muscle strength.
     c. promoting healthy tissue growth.
     d. all of the choices

Answer 37

d. all of the choices

Question 38

116. Sports help improve______ skills by teaching strategies, planning, and goal formation.
     a. developmental
     b. behavioral
     c. cognitive
     d. social

Answer 38

c. cognitive

Question 39

113. Obesity and asthma are two common issues in childhood well-being.
     a. True
     b. False

Answer 39

a. True

Question 40

112. Physical activity plays a role in childhood well-being
     a. True
     b. False

Answer 40

a. True

Question 41

111. For the first time in history, children have a lower projected life expectancy.
     a. True
     b. False

Answer 41

a. True

Question 42

110. ADHD occurs in approximately _____ of the childhood population.
     a. 2.1 million
     b. 1.3 billion
     c. 25%
     d. 11%

Answer 42

d. 11%

Question 43

109. The rate of ASD has spiked to:
     a. 1% of the population.
     b. 1.3 billion people.
     c. 12% of the population.
     d. 2.1 million people.

Answer 43

a. 1% of the population.

Question 44

108. Sasha is really good at writing and reading. However, her teacher notices that she is not as good at math and is often falling behind the other students. Sasha most likely has ____________ disorder.
     a. attention-deficit/hyperactivity
     b. autism spectrum
     c. specific learning
     d. intellectual disability

Answer 44

c. specific learning

Question 45

107. When Billy was born, his parents noticed that something was off about his behavior. He did not like to talk to people and often sat in the corner flicking his fingers. Billy will most likely be diagnosed with ___________ disorder.
     a. attention-deficit/hyperactivity
     b. autism spectrum
     c. specific learning
     d. intellectual disability

Answer 45

b. autism spectrum

Question 46

106. Melissa is unable to sit in her chair during reading time. She has to stand up and move around. Instead of following the book, she likes to look around the room and doesn’t pay attention to what is being read. Melissa most likely has __________ disorder.
     a. attention-deficit/hyperactivity
     b. autism spectrum
     c. specific learning
     d. intellectual disability

Answer 46

a. attention-deficit/hyperactivity

Question 47

105. __________ disorder is a specific difficulty with reading, writing or math that is indicated when academic functioning is substantially below what is expected for age and IQ.
     a. Attention-deficit/hyperactivity
     b. Autism spectrum
     c. Specific learning
     d. Intellectual disability

Answer 47

c. Specific learning

Question 48

104. A neurodevelopmental disorder, characterized by impaired social communication and interaction and repetitive behaviors, is called _____________ disorder.
     a. attention-deficit/hyperactivity
     b. autism spectrum
     c. specific learning
     d. intellectual disability

Answer 48

b. autism spectrum

Question 49

103. The national legislation enacted in 2001 directing all public schools to increase standards in academics and allow flexibility of school choice is known as the ________Act.
     a. HIPPA
     b. School Flexibility
     c. Academic Achievement
     d. No Child Left Behind

Answer 49

d. No Child Left Behind

Question 50

102. By 1975, appropriate schooling for those with special needs was established.
     a. True
     b. False

Answer 50

a. True

Question 51

101. ADHD and ASD are two common learning disorders.
     a. True
     b. False

Answer 51

a. True

Question 52

100. Autism spectrum disorder affects a substantial part of the population.
     a. True
     b. False

Answer 52

a. True

Question 53

99. Teachers’ beliefs about the goals of learning have important implications for their:
    a. instructional behavior.
    b. Interpersonal style in the classroom.
    c. both a and b
    d. neither a nor b

Answer 53

d. neither a nor b

Question 54

98. Metacognitive goals have to do with promoting __________ that support learning.
    a. habits of mind
    b. ways of thinking
    c. reasoning
    d. all of the choices

Answer 54

d. all of the choices

Question 55

97. SEL programs seek to foster _________ nonsubject matter competence(s).
    a. one
    b. three
    c. five
    d. seven

Answer 55

c. five

Question 56

96. In elementary school, students are put into classes based on their:
    a. last names.
    b. ability levels.
    c. school referrals.
    d. IQ tests.

Answer 56

b. ability levels.

Question 57

95. Marco likes to play speed division with his students. He writes two problems on the board and has two students race each other to see who can get the answer first. Getting the answer first can best be described as a ___________ goal.
    a. performance
    b. mastery
    c. self-
    d. competition

Answer 57

a. performance

Question 58

94. A measure of children’s knowledge about particular academic subjects, such as reading, writing, or math, is called a(n) ___________ test.
    a. performance
    b. mastery
    c. achievement
    d. intelligence

Answer 58

c. achievement

Question 59

93. A _________ goal is an achievement goal that emphasizes ability level and competition among peers.
    a. performance
    b. mastery
    c. peer
    d. competition

Answer 59

a. performance

Question 60

92. An achievement goal that focuses on self-improvement and skill development, while downplaying ability level and peer comparison, is called a __________ goal.
    a. performance
    b. mastery
    c. self-
    d. improvement

Answer 60

b. mastery

Question 61

91. School plays a central role in a child’s life and development.
    a. True
    b. False

Answer 61

a. True

Question 62

90. The goals of learning in school can be academic, social-emotional, metacognitive, and developmental.
    a. True
    b. False

Answer 62

a. True

Question 63

89. Schools are complex, multilevel institutions that affect the development of the whole child.
    a. True
    b. False

Answer 63

a. True

Question 64

88. Reading can lead to decreased motivation which will call on a child’s
    a. temperament.
    b. effortful control.
    c. emotion regulation skills.
    d. all of the choices

Answer 64

d. all of the choices

Question 65

87. Early positive experience with reading is linked to:
    a. later academic achievement.
    b. enhanced vocational success.
    c. both a and b
    d. neither a nor b

Answer 65

c. both a and b

Question 66

86. Ricardo is teaching his class to read. He likes the students to look at the relationship between and among the words. Ricardo is using a __________ approach.
    a. whole-language
    b. phonics
    c. word
    d. relationship

Answer 66

a. whole-language

Question 67

85. Kelly is teaching her class how to read. She has the class look at a word and break it down to hear the different sounds. Kelly uses the __________ approach.
    a. whole-language
    b. phonics
    c. sound-it-out
    d. syllable

Answer 67

b. phonics

Question 68

84. The __________ approach is a form of reading instruction that emphasizes communication over particular elements of reading and writing.
    a. whole-language
    b. phonics
    c. spelling
    d. word

Answer 68

a. whole-language

Question 69

83. A form of reading instruction that emphasizes the segments of sounds in words is called the _____________ approach.
    a. whole-language
    b. phonics
    c. sound-it-out
    d. syllable

Answer 69

b. phonics

Question 70

82. __________ is a principle introduced by McTigue.
    a. “Promote self-evaluation”
    b. “Assess academic resilience”
    c. “Use effective feedback”
    d. all of the choices

Answer 70

d. all of the choices

Question 71

81. McTigue and his colleagues identified six classroom characteristics that reinforce mastery of reading.
    a. True
    b. False

Answer 71

a. True

Question 72

80. As in all languages, in the English language there are rules; different from other languages, there are many exceptions to the rules in the English language.
    a. True
    b. False

Answer 72

a. True

Question 73

79. Learning to read in English as a second language is one of the most difficult tasks for school-aged children.
    a. True
    b. False

Answer 73

a. True

Question 74

78. What is one significant criticism of intelligence research?
    a. It fails to look at society.
    b. It fails to look at culture.
    c. It fails to include DSM diagnosis.
    d. All of the choices are correct.

Answer 74

b. It fails to look at culture.

Question 75

77. Johnny scored a 100 on the Stanford-Binet IQ test. Based on his scores, we can assume that his performance is:
    a. what is expected for his age.
    b. above what is expected for his age.
    c. below what is expected for his age.
    d. none of the choices

Answer 75

a. what is expected for his age.

Question 76

76. Howard Gardner posited _____ intelligences in his theory of multiple intelligence.
    a. two
    b. four
    c. six
    d. eight

Answer 76

d. eight

Question 77

75. Analytical, practical, and creative are all part of the:
    a. theory of multiple intelligence.
    b. theory of intelligence.
    c. triarchic theory of intelligence.
    d. Stanford-Binet theory of intelligence.

Answer 77

c. triarchic theory of intelligence.

Question 78

74. Julia took an IQ test. Her results showed that she received a 130. Based on her IQ, Julia is:
    a. gifted.
    b. impaired.
    c. average.
    d. none of the choices

Answer 78

a. gifted.

Question 79

73. __________ is an abstract, verbal, mathematical, and logical type of thinking.
    a. Practical intelligence
    b. Analytical intelligence
    c. Creative intelligence
    d. Triarchic intelligence

Answer 79

b. Analytical intelligence

Question 80

72. A disorder characterized by significantly below-average intellectual functioning and impaired adaptive functioning is called an:
    a. intellectual gift.
    b. intellectual impairment.
    c. intellectual disability.
    d. intellectual difficulty.

Answer 80

c. intellectual disability.

Question 81

71. A score calculated from results on an intelligence test is known as a person’s:
    a. intelligence scale.
    b. intelligence level.
    c. intelligence quotient.
    d. intelligence skill.

Answer 81

c. intelligence quotient.

Question 82

70. Psychometric theories of intelligence posit the existence of a general intelligence.
    a. True
    b. False

Answer 82

a. True

Question 83

69. There are many different definitions of intelligence.
    a. True
    b. False

Answer 83

a. True

Question 84

68. Metacognition helps us define and assess intelligence.
    a. True
    b. False

Answer 84

a. True

Question 85

67. The information-processing approach focuses on describing changes necessary for success:
    a. in school.
    b. in other aspects, such as games and sports.
    c. both a and b
    d. neither a nor b

Answer 85

c. both a and b

Question 86

66. In regards to memory formation, information travels through ____________; then _________; then _________, respectively
    a. sensory memory; working memory; long-term memory
    b. working memory; short-term memory; long-term memory
    c. sensory memory; long-term memory; short-term memory
    d. short-term memory; long-term memory; sensory memory

Answer 86

a. sensory memory; working memory; long-term memory

Question 87

65. __________ supervises all the processes that are fundamental to cognitive development.
    a. Metamemory
    b. Executive function
    c. Maintenance rehearsal
    d. Metacognition

Answer 87

b. Executive function

Question 88

64. Allan has the lead in his class’s Thanksgiving Day play. When he gets his lines, he says them again and again to try and remember them. Based on this scenario, Allan is:
    a. using metamemory.
    b. using executive functioning.
    c. performing maintenance rehearsal.
    d. none of the choices

Answer 88

c. performing maintenance rehearsal.

Question 89

63. Metamemory involves ______ key functions.
    a. two
    b. four
    c. six
    d. eight

Answer 89

b. four

Question 90

62. Metamemory improvements underlie improvements in _____________ memory:
    a. sensory
    b. working
    c. long-term
    d. all of the choices

Answer 90

d. all of the choices

Question 91

61. One’s own understanding of one’s own memory process is called:
    a. strategy.
    b. metamemory.
    c. information processing.
    d. maintenance rehearsal.

Answer 91

b. metamemory.

Question 92

60. ___________ is a key area of problem solving.
    a. Selective attention
    b. Automatization
    c. Strategy construction
    d. all of the choices

Answer 92

d. all of the choices

Question 93

59. With practice, reaction time decreases and automatization improves.
    a. True
    b. False

Answer 93

a. True

Question 94

58. Selective attention refers to the ability to make a decision about what is relevant and what isn’t among stimuli.
    a. True
    b. False

Answer 94

a. True

Question 95

57. According to information theorists, problem solving improves in four key areas.
    a. True
    b. False

Answer 95

a. True

Question 96

56. Joy is really bad at math. Her teacher wants the class to know their times tables by the end of the week. When Joy tells the teacher she needs help, the teacher just tells her to suck it up and study. Based on this situation, we can assume that:
    a. the teacher has poor scaffolding skills.
    b. the teacher has good scaffolding skills.
    c. Joy has poor scaffolding skills.
    d. Joy has good scaffolding skills.

Answer 96

a. the teacher has poor scaffolding skills.

Question 97

55. One outcome of technology-based scaffolding is that:
    a. technology helped students visualize their understanding.
    b. technology helped students identify resources.
    c. technology managed the number of items that required attention.
    d. All of the choices

Answer 97

d. All of the choices

Question 98

54. ___________ scaffolds have been increasingly used in more recent years.
    a. Social
    b. Peer
    c. Teacher
    d. Technology

Answer 98

d. Technology

Question 99

53. Angelica and her little sister Lillian like to have tea parties. Angelica shows Lillian how to hold her pinkie up and sip the tea slowly. Angelica is:
    a. assisting.
    b. conservating.
    c. scaffolding.
    d. automatizing

Answer 99

c. scaffolding.

Question 100

52. ______________ is a key feature of scaffolding.
    a. Sharing a common goal
    b. Fading and transfer of responsibility
    c. Offering dynamic and adaptive support
    d. all of the choices

Answer 100

d. all of the choices

Question 101

51. Researchers have identified _____key features of scaffolding
    a. one
    b. three
    c. five
    d. seven

Answer 101

c. five

Question 102

50. ____________ refers to the total number of items that must be attended by one’s working memory.
    a. Cognitive load
    b. Memory formation
    c. Scaffolding
    d. Information processing

Answer 102

a. Cognitive load

Question 103

49. The process of assisting a less experienced individual through complex tasks by providing supports is known as:
    a. cognitive load.
    b. ZPD.
    c. scaffolding.
    d. teaching

Answer 103

c. scaffolding.

Question 104

48. Teachers, peers, parents, and members of the community all have the potential to contribute to healthy child development.
    a. True
    b. False

Answer 104

a. True

Question 105

47. Vygotsky proposed the sociocultural theory as a framework for understanding universal child development.
    a. True
    b. False

Answer 105

a. True

Question 106

46. Vygotsky is a developmentalist known for his research on child social development.
    a. True
    b. False

Answer 106

a. True

Question 107

45. Children progress to the concrete operational stage via their interactions with(within):
    a. the world.
    b. their parents.
    c. their teachers.
    d. themselves.

Answer 107

a. the world.

Question 108

44. Some limitations of the concrete operational stage include:
    a. Knowledge is based on their own world.
    b. Knowledge is based on their own reality.
    c. both a and b
    d. neither a nor b

Answer 108

c. both a and b

Question 109

43. Tiffany is told that shape A is bigger than Shape B and that Shape B is bigger than shape C. She is then asked about the difference between shape A and Shape C. If Tiffany is in the concrete operational stage, her answer will most likely be:
    a. A is smaller than C.
    b. A is bigger than C.
    c. A is the same as C.
    d. none of the choices

Answer 109

b. A is bigger than C.

Question 110

42. Lana likes to drink her juice in her Little Mermaid Cup. When the new babysitter gives her juice in an Aladdin cup, Lana gets upset. The babysitter pours the juice from the Aladdin cup into the Little Mermaid Cup, but Lana cries that her juice is not the same. Based on this scenario, Lana has not yet developed:
    a. conservation.
    b. reversibility.
    c. transitivity.
    d. seriation.

Answer 110

a. conservation.

Question 111

41. Kyle loves to play with Play-Doh. He rolls it into a ball and then flattens it out again. Based on his actions, we can assume that Kyle understands:
    a. classification.
    b. reversibility.
    c. transitivity.
    d. seriation.

Answer 111

b. reversibility.

Question 112

40. The logical rule that says if A is greater than B and B is greater than C, then A is greater than C is known as:
    a. classification.
    b. reversibility.
    c. transitivity.
    d. seriation

Answer 112

c. transitivity.

Question 113

39. ____________ is the ability to sort objects using a rule that determines an increasing magnitude of one or more dimensions.
    a. Classification
    b. Reversibility
    c. Conservation
    d. Seriation

Answer 113

d. Seriation

Question 114

38. The ability to create groups of objects and sort them by similar properties is known as:
    a. classification.
    b. reversibility.
    c. conservation.
    d. seriation.

Answer 114

a. classification.

Question 115

37. Two hallmarks of the concrete operational stage are seriation and classification.
    a. True
    b. False

Answer 115

a. True

Question 116

36. Children begin to think logically in the concrete operational stage.
    a. True
    b. False

Answer 116

a. True

Question 117

35. The concrete operational stage is the third stage in Piaget’s stages of development
    a. True
    b. False

Answer 117

a. True

Question 118

34. Christy is able to write complex sentences and communicate her ideas through writing. Her writing is clear and easy to read. Christy has been able to improve her:
    a. fine motor skills.
    b. gross motor skills.
    c. hand–eye coordination.
    d. consistency.

Answer 118

c. hand–eye coordination.

Question 119

33. Writing abilities improve in children with better hand-eye coordination. Maturation of hand-eye coordination is the result of:
    a. maturation of the CNS.
    b. maturation of the muscle systems.
    c. development of the fine motor skills.
    d. development of the gross motor skills.

Answer 119

a. maturation of the CNS.

Question 120

32. Nate is just learning how to swim. His movements are spastic and he is always splashing water on the lifeguard. Based on this we can Nate needs improvement on his:
    a. flexibility.
    b. efficiency.
    c. consistency.
    d. hand–eye coordination.

Answer 120

b. efficiency.

Question 121

31. Bryan loves arts and crafts time. He likes to paint with paint brushes, draw with pencils and color with crayons. Based on his wide use of art supplies, we can say Bryan has good:
    a. flexibility.
    b. efficiency.
    c. consistency.
    d. hand–eye coordination

Answer 121

a. flexibility.

Question 122

30. Both Cindy and her dad Lou are taking piano lessons. Cindy finds that she is able to learn how to play new songs faster than her dad. Based on this we can say Cindy has:
    a. flexibility.
    b. efficiency.
    c. consistency.
    d. none of the choices

Answer 122

c. consistency.

Question 123

29. The muscular and cardiovascular system energy expense used to perform a physical action is known as:
    a. flexibility.
    b. efficiency.
    c. consistency.
    d. cardio.

Answer 123

b. efficiency.

Question 124

28. __________ is the ability to perform a physical act in a variety of contexts with a similar outcome.
    a. Flexibility
    b. Efficiency
    c. Consistency
    d. Adaptation

Answer 124

a. Flexibility

Question 125

27. The ability to physically repeat an action in the same way with the same level of function is called:
    a. flexibility.
    b. efficiency.
    c. consistency.
    d. repetition.

Answer 125

c. consistency.

Question 126

26. Physical activity does not play a role in the development of muscles.
    a. True
    b. False

Answer 126

b. False

Question 127

25. The lengthening and differentiation of muscle fibers result in improved motor skills.
    a. True
    b. False

Answer 127

a. True

Question 128

24. The muscular system and skeletal systems follow similar developmental paths.
    a. True
    b. False

Answer 128

a. True

Question 129

23. The average increase and weight for ages 6 through 12 is about:
    a. 8 pounds 2–3 inches per year.
    b. 8 pounds 5–7 inches per year.
    c. 2 pounds 4 inches per year.
    d. 2 pounds 2 inches per year.

Answer 129

a. 8 pounds 2–3 inches per year.

Question 130

22. Timmy just had his tenth birthday. Based on his age, we can say that Timmy has attained ____ of his ultimate bone mass.
    a. all
    b. none
    c. 50%
    d. ¼

Answer 130

c. 50%

Question 131

21. Susie is 10 years old. She is about to begin puberty. Based on skeletal development, we can assume her:
    a. pelvis and hips will widen.
    b. hips and legs will lengthen.
    c. pelvis and spinal cord will lengthen.
    d. hips and spinal cord will widen.

Answer 131

a. pelvis and hips will widen.

Question 132

20. Human growth hormone stimulates organs to ______ cell production in the bones.
    a. decrease
    b. increase
    c. stop
    d. double

Answer 132

b. increase

Question 133

19. Height increases mainly due to the lengthening in the lower part of the skeleton, mainly the:
    a. ribs and hips.
    b. tarsals and metatarsals.
    c. pelvis and the legs.
    d. hips and the legs.

Answer 133

c. pelvis and the legs.

Question 134

18. Compared to earlier years, the rate of growth of both height and weight __________in middle to late childhood
    a. slows down
    b. speeds up
    c. stays the same
    d. none of the choices

Answer 134

a. slows down

Question 135

17. The human growth hormone is responsible for:
    a. lengthening and enhancing mass.
    b. lengthening and decreasing mass.
    c. enhancing mass and decreasing lengthening.
    d. enhancing mass and stopping lengthening.

Answer 135

a. lengthening and enhancing mass.

Question 136

16. The ____________ stimulates the production of the human growth hormone.
    a. hypothalamus
    b. pituitary gland
    c. both a and b
    d. Neither a nor b

Answer 136

c. both a and b

Question 137

15. Physical activity contributes to increased mineral content and bone density.
    a. True
    b. False

Answer 137

a. True

Question 138

14. The results of skeletons developing with respect to both width and height are more adult-like proportions and improved coordination.
    a. True
    b. False

Answer 138

a. True

Question 139

13. As children approach puberty, their skeletons expand in both width and height.
    a. True
    b. False

Answer 139

a. True

Question 140

12. Maggie likes to do math, wear pink, and help her mom cook. Her self-reflections are a direct result of maturation of:
    a. gray matter.
    b. white matter.
    c. her prefrontal cortex.
    d. her cerebellum.

Answer 140

c. her prefrontal cortex.

Question 141

11. Charlie is 8 years old and is very good at soccer. His ability is a direct result of the maturation of:
    a. gray matter.
    b. white matter.
    c. the prefrontal cortex.
    d. the cerebellum.

Answer 141

a. gray matter.

Question 142

10. Faster communication between the left and right hemispheres is dependent on development of the:
    a. pons.
    b. corpus callosum.
    c. brain stem.
    d. prefrontal cortex.

Answer 142

b. corpus callosum.

Question 143

9. The prefrontal cortex is responsible for:
   a. complex thought.
   b. planning.
   c. problem solving.
   d. all of the choices

Answer 143

d. all of the choices

Question 144

8. Myelination of white matter results in:
   a. faster communication between the left and right hemispheres.
   b. improving coordination.
   c. both a and b
   d. neither a nor b

Answer 144

c. both a and b

Question 145

7. ____________ is(are) responsible for the speed of actions of neurons.
   a. Myelination
   b. Conduction
   c. Convection
   d. Action potentials

Answer 145

a. Myelination

Question 146

6. The foremost part of the frontal lobe is:
   a. gray matter.
   b. white matter.
   c. the cerebellum.
   d. the prefrontal cortex.

Answer 146

d. the prefrontal cortex.

Question 147

5. The tissue that connects brain areas via nerve fibers is referred to as:
   a. gray matter.
   b. white matter.
   c. the cerebellum.
   d. the prefrontal cortex.

Answer 147

b. white matter.

Question 148

4. _____________ is the part of the brain that contains neuronal cell bodies.
   a. Gray matter
   b. White matter
   c. The cerebellum
   d. The prefrontal cortex

Answer 148

a. Gray matter

Question 149

3. The prefrontal cortex is located in the back of the brain.
   a. True
   b. False

Answer 149

b. False

Question 150

2. Compared to younger children, school-aged children are less likely to be frustrated while waiting in line and are better able to follow instructions.
   a. True
   b. False

Answer 150

a. True

Question 151

1. Gray and white matter work together to perform functions of the brain.
   a. True
   b. False

Answer 151

a. True

Question 152

1. During middle childhood, children shift toward more realistic self-evaluations.
   a. True
   b. False

Answer 152

a. True

Question 153

2. In middle childhood, advances in the ability to compare oneself to another facilitates development of a sense of self.
   a. True
   b. False

Answer 153

a. True

Question 154

3. The first elements of self-concept appear in middle childhood.
   a. True
   b. False

Answer 154

b. False

Question 155

4. The process of learning about one’s abilities and characteristics by observing how they compare with those of others is known as social:
   a. compensation.
   b. comparison.
   c. selection.
   d. optimization.

Answer 155

b. comparison.

Question 156

Bloom: Application

5. ____________refers to a child’s multidimensional understanding of one’s own personality, attributes, abilities, and attitudes.
   a. Self-esteem
   b. Self-concept
   c. Self-awareness
   d. Self–other relatedness

Answer 156

b. Self-concept

Question 157

. _______________ refers to the evaluation of one’s beliefs about one’s personality, attributes, abilities, and attitudes.

a. Self-esteem
b. Self-concept
c. Self-awareness
d. Self–other relatedness

Answer 157

a. Self-esteem

Question 158

7. Culture __________ influence on a child’s self-concept
   a. has an
   b. has no
   c. for boys, has an
   d. for girls, has an

Answer 158

a. has an

Question 159

8. Self-esteem involves the process of children ____________________ about themselves.
   a. making judgments
   b. having feelings
   c. both of the choices
   d. neither of the choices

Answer 159

c. both of the choices

Question 160

9. Low ________________ is one reason a child may believe he or she is not capable of doing well in school.
   a. self-esteem
   b. self-concept of ability
   c. self-efficacy
   d. all of the choices

Answer 160

d. all of the choices

Question 161

10. Given one minute to evaluate a child’s self-esteem, a developmentalist is likely to conclude that a child has high self-esteem if she observes that the child:
    a. is doing well in school.
    b. has low levels of anxiety.
    c. has a number of friends.
    d. all of the choices

Answer 161

d. all of the choices

Question 162

11. In middle childhood, signs of depression and breaking school rules suggest that the child:
    a. has low self-esteem.
    b. has not yet developed self-esteem.
    c. has too much self-esteem.
    d. is confused about his self-esteem.

Answer 162

a. has low self-esteem.

Question 163

12. Elodie’s father often tells her that she is good at math. Her mother was a dancer and often tells Elodies stories that compare Elodie’s ability with her own ability at Elodie’s age. These interactions are likely to have the following effect on Elodie’s self-esteem:
    a. a positive effect.
    b. a negative effect.
    c. an unknown effect.
    d. contradictory effects, both positive and negative

Answer 163

c. an unknown effect.

Question 164

13. Principal Scott, a developmentalist, explained to parents why he was replacing report cards for elementary school students. To facilitate development of students’ academic self-concepts, he is replacing grades with:
    a. student and teacher evaluations of students’ strengths and weaknesses in each school subject.
    b. rankings of each student compared to their peers.
    c. standardized test scores.
    d. teacher evaluations of effort and creativity each student demonstrates.

Answer 164

a. student and teacher evaluations of students’ strengths and weaknesses in each school subject

Question 165

14. A child’s understanding of differences between right and wrong is a core element of moral development.
    a. True
    b. False

Answer 165

a. True

Question 166

15. During middle childhood, moral development is influenced only by peers.
    a. True
    b. False

Answer 166

b. False

Question 167

16. Moral development in infancy and early childhood has no influence on moral development during middle childhood.
    a. True
    b. False

Answer 167

b. False

Question 168

17. According to Piaget, moral development in middle childhood mirrors:
    a. maturation of physical coordination.
    b. cognitive development.
    c. visual-spatial capacity.
    d. auditory-spatial ability.

Answer 168

b. cognitive development.

Question 169

18. Moral development in middle childhood is most likely to involve:
    a. a lack of understanding of what is right versus wrong.
    b. learning that right versus wrong depends on the current situation.
    c. increasing adherence to the rules set by authority.
    d. decreasing reliance on peer norms.

Answer 169

b. learning that right versus wrong depends on the current situation.

Question 170

19. A strong reliance on heteronomous morality in middle childhood indicates that moral development is:
    a. delayed.
    b. overdeveloped.
    c. on time.
    d. none of the choices

Answer 170

a. delayed.

Question 171

20. An 8-year-old child’s use of autonomous morality to explain why another person behaved as she did suggests that the child’s moral development is:
    a. delayed.
    b. overdeveloped.
    c. on time.
    d. none of the choices

Answer 171

c. on time.

Question 172

21. When a child who uses autonomous morality asks, “why did you throw the ball that hit me in the head?” she is searching for information that will help her understand:
    a. if the other child is good.
    b. if the other child is bad.
    c. the intentions of the other child.
    d. how to punish the other child.

Answer 172

c. the intentions of the other child.

Question 173

22. Throughout childhood, moral development in girls and boys:
    a. proceeds in the same way.
    b. proceeds in different ways.
    c. may proceed differently; this remains a debate.
    d. proceeds in different ways in Western cultures only.

Answer 173

c. may proceed differently; this remains a debate.

Question 174

23. According to Kohlberg, a developmentalist would conclude that a child is operating at the preconventional level of moral development if she:
    a. was focused on what she can “get away with.”
    b. behaved according to what was most personally satisfying.
    c. tried to avoid punishment and get as many rewards as possible.
    d. all of the choices

Answer 174

d. all of the choices

Question 175

. According to Kohlberg, the following would be an indicator that an older child was advancing to a conventional level of moral development: The child:

a. is obedient to authority to avoid punishment.
b. will do something to get a favor in return
c. is concerned with being nice and gaining approval.
d. asks what her reward will be for doing a good deed.

Answer 175

c. is concerned with being nice and gaining approval.

Question 176

25. According to Kohlberg, it would be rare to observe a precocious child operating at a postconvetional level of moral development. However, a sign of such precocity would be reflected in a child becoming upset when:
    a. another child is teased for not celebrating Christmas.
    b. she doesn’t get the first-place ribbon when she clearly won the race.
    c. her side of the story is different from her friend’s.
    d. her parents expect her to set a good example for her younger siblings.

Answer 176

c. her side of the story is different from her friend’s.

Question 177

26. When Martha, a developmentalist, teaches parents how to help scaffold moral development in school-aged children, she suggests that parents and teachers encourage their students to:
    a. “consider why someone is doing what he or she is doing.”
    b. “tell an adult when someone else is bad.”
    c. “think about the punishment they’ll get before they act.”
    d. “enforce the rules if others don’t.”

Answer 177

a. “consider why someone is doing what he or she is doing.”

Question 178

27. A developmentalist who works from Carol Gilligan’s model would recognize and emphasize the value of a 9-year-old girl emphasizing the value of _______________________ when making a decision.
    a. preserving a meaningful relationship with another
    b. correcting another’s misinformation
    c. attending to rules rather than feelings
    d. making quick evaluations

Answer 178

a. preserving a meaningful relationship with another

Question 179

28. According to Erikson, middle childhood is the developmental stage during which students are challenged to gain a sense of industry.
    a. True
    b. False

Answer 179

a. True

Question 180

29. According to Erikson, healthy development during middle childhood results in a sense of competence.
    a. True
    b. False

Answer 180

a. True

Question 181

30. According to Erikson, a child who feels inferior to others is showing the key sign that he is having difficulty resolving the psychosocial crisis of middle childhood.
    a. True
    b. False

Answer 181

a. True

Question 182

31. In middle childhood, resolving the task of industry versus inferiority results in a child:
    a. internalizing a sense of competence.
    b. expecting that others will see him as competent.
    c. attaining a strong sense of her future self.
    d. achieving the foundation of an ideal self.

Answer 182

a. internalizing a sense of competence.

Question 183

34. Sophia is a 9-year-old dancer who is very proud that she has scored very high at every dance competition she has entered. However, before each competition she voices a great deal of self-doubt, often worrying that she won’t perform well at all. This is an indication that:
    a. her sense of inferiority dominates her sense of competence.
    b. she will not be able to resolve the industry versus Inferiority crisis.
    c. unresolved psychosocial crises from her past may be interfering with internalizing a sense of competence.
    d. due to her raw talent, she does not need to resolve the industry versus inferiority crisis.

Answer 183

c. unresolved psychosocial crises from her past may be interfering with internalizing a sense of competence.

Question 184

35. Sam could read when he was 4 and could do addition and subtraction by the time he was 5. By sixth grade, however, he complained that he didn’t understand what the teachers wanted from him, that he felt he was he “stupid,” and so he refused to go to middle school. Recognizing his sense of inferiority in the context of knowing Sam’s high ability led his teacher to consider that Sam:
    a. may have had an undiagnosed learning disability undermining his sense of competence.
    b. was angry that his teachers didn’t recognize his competence.
    c. wanted easier work to feel more competent like he did when he was younger.
    d. did not have the ability to achieve competence.

Answer 184

a. may have had an undiagnosed learning disability undermining his sense of competence.

Question 185

36. Parents remain an important influence on children’s development in middle childhood.
    a. True
    b. False

Answer 185

a. True

Question 186

37. A “tween” experiences the world through the lens of both a child and an adolescent.
    a. True
    b. False

Answer 186

a. True

Question 187

38. Parents are challenged to change their strategies to effectively care for and nurture kids through middle childhood.
    a. True
    b. False

Answer 187

a. True

Question 188

39. Effective parenting in middle childhood involves learning to ________________ less and ________________more.
    a. monitor; direct
    b. direct; monitor
    c. monitor; punish
    d. direct; reward

Answer 188

b. direct; monitor

Question 189

40. Parents who use _____________ are likely to feel more effective in facilitating healthy development through middle childhood.
    a. reasoning
    b. suggestions
    c. neither of these
    d. both of these

Answer 189

d. both of these

Question 190

41. Children whose parents are disengaged in middle childhood are more likely to be more:
    a. irresponsible.
    b. immature.
    c. less socially skilled.
    d. all of the choices

Answer 190

d. all of the choices

Question 191

42. Poverty influences development in middle childhood via:
    a. restricted access to material assets.
    b. assaults on personal dignity.
    c. lack of social inclusion.
    d. all of the choices

Answer 191

d. all of the choices

Question 192

43. In the United States, the poverty rate for children ages 0 to 18 hovers around:
    a. 2%.
    b. 5%.
    c. 10%.
    d. 20%.

Answer 192

d. 20%.

Question 193

44. It is impossible for children living below the poverty line to meet normal developmental milestones, achieve developmental tasks, and succeed at the same rate as their peers who live at or above poverty level.
    a. True
    b. False

Answer 193

b. False

Question 194

45. A developmental systems view of poverty emphasizes the potential for poverty to indirectly undermine healthy child development by:
    a. reducing the chances that a child will eventually drop out of school.
    b. increasing risk for homelessness due to foreclosures and evictions.
    c. impeding vulnerable groups of people from getting jobs that pay a living wage.
    d. all of the choices

Answer 194

d. all of the choices

Question 195

46. Developmental science research reveals that children raised by same-sex parents have ___________________ experiences and outcomes as children raised by opposite sex parents.
    a. the same type of
    b. different types of
    c. more positive
    d. more negative

Answer 195

a. the same type of

Question 196

47. Parental divorce has long-lasting, negative effects on child development.
    A. True
    B. False

Answer 196

B. False

Question 197

48. Developmental science research findings indicate that interparental conflict has a strong, undermining effect on child development.
    a. True
    b. False

Answer 197

a. True

Question 198

49. In the United States, divorce rates are declining, making it less likely that adolescents will experience a parental divorce.
    a. True
    b. False

Answer 198

a. True

Question 199

50. Younger children tend to blame themselves for interparental conflict, whereas adolescents tend to:
    a. become anxious and worried.
    b. become aggressive with others.
    c. ask adults for help with their feelings.
    d. turn to their peers for support.

Answer 199

b. become aggressive with others.

Question 200

51. Maintaining the parent–adolescent relationship with the noncustodial parent:
    a. is always associated with better adolescent outcomes.
    b. is associated with better adolescent outcomes except when neglect or abuse has been established.
    c. neither choice
    d. both choices

Answer 200

b. is associated with better adolescent outcomes except when neglect or abuse has been established

Question 201

52. Parents engaged in a high-conflict relationship with one another are more likely to use __________________ parenting with adolescent children.
    a. mild and inconsistent
    b. strict and consistent
    c. harsh and inconsistent
    d. mild and unpredictable

Answer 201

c. harsh and inconsistent

Question 202

53. To reduce the negative impact parental divorce has on adolescents, _________________ is a new process that results in a divorce while helping parents limit conflict and focus on positive solutions.
    a. collaborative divorce
    b. mediation
    c. court-ordered separation
    d. collaborative

Answer 202

a. collaborative divorce

Question 203

54. Parent education programs benefit adolescents by teaching parents:
    a. the value of teens having a healthy relationship with each parent.
    b. to limit the amount of conflict and stress to which teens are exposed.
    c. how to coparent effectively.
    d. all of the choices

Answer 203

d. all of the choices

Question 204

55. When Jess was upset about her parents’ separation and upcoming divorce, the school counselor recommended that Jess talk to:
    a. her father, because fathers are more reasonable during separation and divorce.
    b. her mother; because mothers are more reasonable during separation and divorce.
    c. a therapist, because parents are often emotionally unavailable during divorce.
    d. her brother, because siblings are often supportive during their parents’ separation and divorce.

Answer 204

c. a therapist, because parents are often emotionally unavailable during divorce.

Question 205

56. For adolescents, relationships with their siblings have the potential to last the longest across their lifespans.
    a. True
    b. False

Answer 205

A. True

Question 206

57. Sibling rivalry can be a feature of relationships in childhood and through adolescence.
    A. True
    B. False

Answer 206

A. True

Question 207

58. Over _____ of U.S. adolescents have at least one sibling.
    a. 10%
    b. 25%
    c. 50%
    d. 75%

Answer 207

d. 75%

Question 208

59. The quality of adolescents’ relationships with their siblings is influenced primarily by:
    a. parent–adolescent interactions.
    b. sibling temperament.
    c. both choices
    d. neither choice

Answer 208

a. parent–adolescent interactions.

Question 209

60. Sibling rivalry tends to:
    a. decrease as adolescents become guides and mentors to younger siblings.
    b. increase as adolescents become guides and mentors to younger siblings.
    c. remain consistent from childhood through adulthood.
    d. fluctuate in adolescence as it does in childhood.

Answer 209

a. decrease as adolescents become guides and mentors to younger siblings.

Question 210

61. Peer relationships in adolescence tend to be similar in quality to childhood peer relationships.
    a. True
    b. False

Answer 210

a. True

Question 211

62. Bullying refers to unwanted peer behavior that takes advantage of a power imbalance and occurs multiple times.
    a. True
    b. False

Answer 211

a. True

Question 212

63. Through middle childhood, children spend less time with peers in groups and spend more one-on-one time with peers.
    a. True
    b. False

Answer 212

b. False

Question 213

64. Sociometric measurement is useful for measuring peer popularity in middle childhood by:
    a. interviewing peers.
    b. counting party invitations.
    c. recording peer rankings.
    d. listening to children’s secrets

Answer 213

c. recording peer rankings

Question 214

65. Adolescent peer groups become:
    a. larger.
    b. more diverse.
    c. private (low adult supervision).
    d. all of these choices

Answer 214

d. all of these choices

Question 215

66. Popular children receive:
    a. many positive votes; few negative votes.
    b. few positive votes; few negative votes.
    c. many positive votes.
    d. few positive or negative votes.

Answer 215

a. many positive votes; few negative votes.

Question 216

67. Rejected peers are those who receive:
    a. many negative votes; few positive votes.
    b. few negative votes; few positive votes.
    c. many negative votes.
    d. few positive or negative votes.

Answer 216

a. many negative votes; few positive votes.

Question 217

68. Neglected peers are those who receive:
    a. many negative votes; few positive votes.
    b. few negative votes; few positive votes.
    c. many negative votes.
    d. few positive or negative votes.

Answer 217

d. few positive or negative votes.

Question 218

Bloom: Analysis

69. Popular children are more likely to be:
    a. friendly.
    b. cooperative.
    c. sensitive.
    d. all of the choices

Answer 218

d. all of the choices

Question 219

70. Children tend to attract peer rejection if they act ________________________ with others.
    a. assertively
    b. aggressively
    c. shyly
    d. selfishly

Answer 219

b. aggressively

Question 220

71. Art, a sixth grader, has been considered a bully for a number of years. From a developmental perspective we can predict that Art:
    a. has been a victim of harsh parenting.
    b. wants to be respected and in charge.
    c. is disruptive in school.
    d. all of the choices

Answer 220

d. all of the choices

Question 221

72. Self-conscious emotions tend to first appear in middle childhood.
    a. True
    b. False

Answer 221

a. True

Question 222

73. Emotions reach peak complexity by the time children reach school age.
    a. True
    b. False

Answer 222

a. True

Question 223

74. School-aged children have a basic emotion vocabulary that allows them to correctly identify facial expressions and behaviors.
    a. True
    b. False

Answer 223

a. True

Question 224

75. An example of a self-conscious emotion that a 9-year-old might experience is:
    a. envy.
    b. embarrassment.
    c. pride.
    d. all of the choices

Answer 224

d. all of the choices

Question 225

76. Children who have ____________________ tend to have better emotional knowledge.
    a. mature cognitive abilities
    b. strong verbal skills
    c. Both of these choices contribute to emotional knowledge.
    d. Neither of these choices contributes to emotional knowledge.

Answer 225

c. Both of these choices contribute to emotional knowledge.

Question 226

77. Emotions gain complexity when children begin to recognize that their:
    a. behaviors are observed by others.
    b. behaviors can be judged as good or bad.
    c. feelings can be recognized by others.
    d. behaviors can be judged as good or bad.

Answer 226

a. behaviors are observed by others.

Question 227

78. Aiden wanted to spend his time working on his robotics project every day after school, but he goes to his social skills class to learn how to:
    a. express his emotions.
    b. reduce the frequency of “meltdowns” he feels when stressed.
    c. understand social cues.
    d. all of these

Answer 227

d. all of these

Question 228

79. Eleven-year-old Kaitlyn, who is best known for her amazing vocabulary and writing skills, wanted to __________________ the trophy she won for running in the local 5k, expecting to feel _______________.
    a. show her peers; pride
    b. show her peers; envied
    c. hide the trophy from her peers; shame
    d. hide the trophy from her peers; anger

Answer 228

a. show her peers; pride

Question 229

80. In elementary school, Sarah held hands with her mom and kissed her good-bye before she went into the classroom. Now, in middle school, Sarah is likely to feel:
    a. the same love toward her mother.
    b. embarrassed that her peers might call her a ”baby.”
    c. guilty that she refuses to hold hands with her mom.
    d. all of the choices

Answer 229

d. all of the choices

Question 230

81. Resilient children demonstrate positive development in the face of adversity.
    a. True
    b. False

Answer 230

a. True

Question 231

82. The majority of U.S. children can be described as resilient.
    a. True
    b. False

Answer 231

b. False

Question 232

83. A risk factor such as _____________________ has the potential to interfere with healthy development in children.
    a. insecure attachment
    b. death of a parent
    c. neighborhood violence
    d. all of the choices

Answer 232

d. all of the choices

Question 233

84. A protective factor, such as ____________________ has the potential to facilitate healthy child development.
    a. high self-efficacy
    b. authoritative parenting
    c. supportive friends
    d. all of the choices

Answer 233

d. all of the choices

Question 234

85. Under adverse conditions, the likelihood that a child will demonstrate resilience depends on the influence of:
    a. risk factors.
    b. protective factors.
    c. both of these choices combined
    d. both of these choices independently

Answer 234

c. both of these choices combined

Question 235

86. _______________________ is a risk factor that may contribute to childhood adversity.
    a. A difficult temperament
    b. Parent psychopathology
    c. Living in poverty
    d. any of these choices

Answer 235

d. any of these choices

Question 236

87. _______________________is a protective factor that may contribute to childhood adversity.
    a. Having a higher IQ
    b. Having a close relationship with at least one caring adult
    c. An effective school
    d. any of these choices

Answer 236

d. any of these choices

Question 237

88. Unhealthy coping includes ______________________coping.
    a. aggressive
    b. denial
    c. ruminative
    d. all of these choices

Answer 237

d. all of these choices

Question 238

89. A child who uses active coping to deal with peer bullying will:
    a. try to solve the problem.
    b. seek help from others.
    c. either of these choices
    d. neither of these choices

Answer 238

c. either of these choices

Question 239

90. An example of an unhealthy coping strategy a child can use when he feels rejected by a peer is:
    a. asking for help from others.
    b. pretending not to care.
    c. problem solving.
    d. seeking support.

Answer 239

b. pretending not to care.

Question 240

91. Risk and protective factors influence childhood adjustment primarily through:
    a. individual characteristics.
    b. family features.
    c. community factors.
    d. all of these choices

Answer 240

d. all of these choices

Question 241

92. As children get older, they get better at distinguishing between _____________________ stressors, which makes them better able to apply effective coping strategies.
    a. authoritative and authoritarian
    b. controllable and uncontrollable stressors
    c. active and passive
    d. ruminative and punitive

Answer 241

b. controllable and uncontrollable stressors

Question 242

93. When Grayson made the transition from sixth to seventh grade, he felt like his world had crashed: Middle school was more challenging, his parents divorced, and he didn’t make the basketball team. Knowing these facts, we can conclude that Grayson:
    a. will be resilient in the face of adversity.
    b. had many protective factors in his life.
    c. experienced additional risk factors.
    d. would benefit from protective factors

Answer 242

d. would benefit from protective factors