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AP Biology > Unit 8 > Flashcards

Unit 8 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Artificial Selection

A

The selective breeding of domesticated plants and animals to encourage the occurrence of desirable traits

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2
Q

Allopathic speciation

A

A mode of speciation induced when an ancestral population becomes segregated by a geographic barrier or is itself divided into two or more geographically isolated subpopulations

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3
Q

Adaptive radiation

A

The emergence of numerous species from a common ancestor introduced into an environment that presents a diversity of new opportunities and problems

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4
Q

Biogeography

A

The study of the past and present distribution of species

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5
Q

Bottleneck effect

A

Genetic drift resulting from the reduction of a population, typically by a natural disaster, such that the surviving population is no longer genetically representative of the original population

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6
Q

Balancing selection

A

Natural selection that maintains stable frequencies of two or more phenotypic forms in a population (balanced polymorphism)

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7
Q

Balanced polymorphism

A

The ability of natural selection to maintain diversity in a population

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8
Q

Catastrophism

A

The hypothesis by Georges Cuvier that each boundary between strata corresponded in time to a catastrophe, such as a flood or drought, that had destroyed many of the species living there at that time

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9
Q

Cline

A

A graded variation in a trait that parallels a gradient in the environment

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10
Q

Descent with modification

A

Darwin’s initial phrase for the general process of evolution

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11
Q

Directional selection

A

Natural selection that favors individuals at one end of the phenotypic range

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12
Q

Disruptive selection

A

Natural selection that favors individuals on both extremes of a phenotypic range over intermediate phenotypes

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13
Q

Evolutionary adaptation

A

An accumulation of inherited characteristics that enhance organisms’ ability to survive and reproduce in specific environments

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14
Q

Evolution

A

All the changes that have transformed life on earth from its earliest beginnings to the diversity that characterizes it today

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15
Q

Founder effect

A

Genetic drift that occurs when a few individuals become isolated from a population, with the result that the new population’s gene pool is not reflective of the original population

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16
Q

Fitness

A

The contribution an individual makes to the gene pool of the next generation, relative to the contributions of other individuals

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17
Q

Gradualism

A

A view of earth’s history that attributes profound change to the cumulative product of slow but continuous processes

18
Q

Gene pool

A

The total aggregate of genes in a population at any one time

19
Q

Genetic drift

A

Unpredictable fluctuations in allele frequencies from one generation to the next because of a population’s finite size

20
Q

Gene flow

A

Genetic additions to or subtractions from a population resulting from the movement of fertile individuals or gametes

21
Q

Genetic polymorphism

A

The existence of two or more distinct alleles at a given locus in a population’s gene pool

22
Q

Homology

A

Similarity in characteristics resulting from a shared ancestry

23
Q

Homologous structures

A

Structures in different species that are similar because of common ancestry

24
Q

Hardy-Weinberg Theorem

A

The principle that frequencies of alleles and genotypes in a population remain constant from generation to generation, provided that only Mendelian segregation and recombination of alleles are at work

25
Q

Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium

A

The condition describing a non-evolving population (one that is in genetic equilibrium)

26
Q

Heterozygote advantage

A

Greater reproductive success of heterozygous individuals compared to homozygotes; tends to preserve variation in gene pools

27
Q

Microevolutuon

A

Evolutionary change below the species level; change in the genetic makeup of a population from generation to generation

28
Q

Mutations

A

A change in the DNA of a gene, ultimately creating genetic diversity

29
Q

Natural Selection

A

Differential success in the reproduction of different phenotypes resulting from the interaction of organisms with their environment. Evolution occurs when natural selection causes changes in relative frequencies of alleles in the gene pool

30
Q

Population genetics

A

The study of how populations change genetically over time

31
Q

Population

A

A localized group of individuals that belong to the same biological species (that are capable of interbreeding and producing fertile offspring)

32
Q

Phenotypic polymorphism

A

The existence of two or more distinct morphs (discrete forms), each represented in a population in high enough frequencies to be readily noticeable

33
Q

Prezygotic barriers

A

A reproductive barrier that impedes mating between species or hinders fertilization of ova if interspecific mating is attempted

34
Q

Postzygotic barriers

A

Any of several species-isolating mechanisms that prevent hybrids produced by two different species from developing into viable, fertile adults

35
Q

Punctuated equilibrium

A

In evolutionary theory, long periods of apparent stasis (no change) interrupted by relatively brief periods of sudden change

36
Q

Relative fitness

A

The contribution of one genotype to the next generation compared to that of alternative genotypes for the same locus

37
Q

Reproductive isolation

A

The existence of biological factors (barriers) that impede members of two species from producing viable, fertile hybrids

38
Q

Sexual selection

A

Natural selection for mating success

39
Q

Sexual dimorphism

A

A special case of polymorphism based on the distinction between the secondary sex characteristics of males and females

40
Q

Stabilizing selection

A

Natural selection that favors intermediate variants by acting against extreme phenotypes

41
Q

Taxonomy

A

Ordered division of organisms into categories based on a set of characteristics used to assess similarities and differences, leading to a classification scheme; the branch of biology concerned with naming and classifying the diverse forms of life

42
Q

Vestigial organs

A

A structure of marginal, if any, importance to an organism. Vestigial organs are historical remnants of structures that had important functions in ancestors

AP Biology (8 decks)

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