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AP Biology > Unit 2 Vocabulary > Flashcards

Unit 2 Vocabulary Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Matter

A

Anything that takes up space and has mass

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2
Q

Element

A

Any substance that cannot be broken down to any other substance

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3
Q

Compound

A

A substance consisting of two or more elements in a fixed ratio

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4
Q

Trace elements

A

Elements indispensable for life but required in extremely minute amounts

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5
Q

Neutron

A

An electrically neutral particle (a particle having no electrical charge), found in the nucleus of an atom

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6
Q

Proton

A

A subatomic particle with a single positive electrical charge, found in the nucleus of an atom

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7
Q

Electron

A

A subatomic particle with a single negative charge. One or more electrons move around the nucleus of an atom

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8
Q

Nucleus

A

(1) An atom’s central core, containing protons and neutrons. (2) The chromosome containing organelle of a eukaryotic cell. (3) A cluster of neurons.

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9
Q

Atomic number

A

The number of protons in the nucleus of an atom, unique for each element and designated by a subscript to the left of the elemental symbol

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10
Q

Mass number

A

The sum of the number of protons and neutrons in an atom’s nucleus

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11
Q

Atomic mass

A

The total mass of an atom, which is the mass in grams of one mole of the atom

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12
Q

Isotope

A

One of several atomic forms of an element, each containing a different number of neutrons and thus differing in atomic mass

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13
Q

Valence electrons

A

Electrons in the outermost electron shell

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14
Q

Covalent bond

A

A type of strong chemical bond in which two atoms share one or more pairs of valence electrons

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15
Q

Ionic bond

A

A chemical bond resulting from the attraction between oppositely charged ions

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16
Q

Polar bond

A

A covalent bond between atoms that differ in electronegativity. The shared electrons are pulled closer to the more electronegative atom, make it slightly negative and the other atom slightly positive

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17
Q

Nonpolar bond

A

A type of covalent bond in which electrons are shared equally between two atoms of similar electronegativity

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18
Q

Hydrogen bond

A

A type of weak chemical bond formed when the slightly positive hydrogen atom of a polar covalent bond in one molecule is attracted to the slightly negative atom of a polar covalent bond in another molecule

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19
Q

Electronegativity

A

The attraction of an atom for the electrons of a covalent bond

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20
Q

Ion

A

An atom that has gained or lost electrons, thus acquiring a charge

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21
Q

Van der Waals interactions

A

Weak attractions between molecules or parts of molecules that are brought about by localized charge fluctuations

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22
Q

Reactants

A

Staring materials in a chemical reaction

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23
Q

Products

A

Ending materials in a chemical reaction

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24
Q

Cohesion

A

The binding together of like molecules, often by hydrogen bonds

25
Q

Adhesion

A

The attraction between different kinds of molecules

26
Q

Surface tension

A

A measure of how difficult it is to stretch or break the surface of a liquid. Water has a high surface tension because of the hydrogen bonding of surface molecules

27
Q

Specific heat

A

The amount of heat that must be absorbed or lost for 1 g of a substance to change its temperature by 1 degree C

28
Q

Solution

A

A liquid that is a homogeneous mixture of two or more substances

29
Q

Solvent

A

The dissolving agent of a solution. Water is the most versatile solvent known. I’m

30
Q

Solute

A

A substance that is dissolved in a solution

31
Q

Hydrophilic

A

Having an affinity for water

32
Q

Hydrophobic

A

Having an aversion to water; tending to coalesce and form droplets in water

33
Q

Acid

A

A substance that increases the hydrogen ion concentration of a solution

34
Q

Base

A

A substance that reduces the hydrogen ion concentration of a solution

35
Q

pH

A

A measure of hydrogen ion concentration equal to -log[H+] and ranging in value from 0 to 14

36
Q

Buffers

A

Substances that consist of acid and base form in a solution that minimizes changes in pH when extraneous acids or bases are added to the solution

37
Q

Organic chemistry

A

The study of carbon compounds (organic compounds)

38
Q

Hydrocarbons

A

Organic molecules consisting only of carbon and hydrogen

39
Q

Functional groups

A

Specific configurations of atoms commonly attached to the carbon skeletons of organic molecules and usually involved in chemical reactions

40
Q

Macromolecule

A

A giant molecule formed by the joining of smaller molecules, usually by a condensation reaction. Polysaccharides, proteins, and nucleic acids are macromolecules

41
Q

Polymer

A

A long molecule consisting of many similar or identical monomers linked together

42
Q

Monomer

A

The subunit that serves as the building block of a polymer

43
Q

Dehydration synthesis (for dehydration reaction)

A

A chemical reaction in which two molecules covalently bond to each other with the removal of a water molecule

44
Q

Hydrolysis

A

A chemical process that lyses, or splits, molecules by the addition of water

45
Q

Carbohydrate (mono-, poly-, disaccharides)

A

A sugar (monosaccharide) or one of its dimers (disaccharides) or polymers (polysaccharides)

46
Q

Starch

A

A storage of polysaccharide in plants consisting entirely of glucose

47
Q

Glycogen

A

An extensively beached glucose storage polysaccharide found in the liver and muscle of animals; the animal equivalent of starch

48
Q

Cellulose

A

A structural polysaccharide of cell walls, consisting of glucose monomers joined by B-1, 4-glycosidic linkages

49
Q

Fatty acid

A

A long carbon chain carboxylic acid. Fatty acids vary in length and in the number and location of double bonds; three fatty acids linked to a glycerol molecule form fat

50
Q

Triglyceride

A

A lipid molecule made up of one unit of glycerol and three fatty acids

51
Q

Saturated fatty acid

A

A fatty acid in which all carbons in the hydrocarbon tail are connected by single bonds, thus maximizing the number of hydrogen atoms that can attach to the carbon skeleton

52
Q

Unsaturated fatty acid

A

A fatty acid possessing one or more double bonds between the carbons in the hydrocarbon tail. Such bonding reduces the number of hydrogen atoms attached to the carbon skeleton

53
Q

Phospholipid

A

A molecule that is a constituent of the inner bilayer of biological membranes, having a polar, hydrophilic head and a nonpolar, hydrophobic tail

54
Q

Cholesterol

A

A steroid that forms an essential component of animal cell membranes and acts as a precursor molecule for the synthesis of other biologically important steroids

55
Q

Enzyme

A

A protein serving as a catalyst, a chemical agent that changes the rate of a reaction without being consumed by the reaction

56
Q

Catalyst

A

A chemical agent that changes the rate of a reaction without being consumed by the reaction

57
Q

Protein

A

A three dimensional biological polymer constructed from a set of 20 different monomers called amino acids

58
Q

Amino acids

A

Organic molecules possessing both carboxyl and amino groups. Amino acid serve as the monomers of proteins

59
Q

Denaturation

A

In proteins a process in which a protein unravels and loses its native confirmation thereby becoming biologically and active. In DNA the separation of the two strands of the double helix. Do you naturalization occurs under extreme conditions of pH, salt concentration and temperature

AP Biology (8 decks)

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