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AP Biology > Unit 6 > Flashcards

Unit 6 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome)

A

The symptoms and signs present during the late stages of HIV infection, defined by a specified reduction in the number of T cells and the appearance of characteristic secondary infections

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2
Q

Anticodon

A

A nucleotide triplet at one end of a tRNA molecule that base-pairs with a particular complementary codon on an mRNA

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3
Q

Bacteriophage

A

A virus that infects bacteria; also called a phage

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4
Q

Base-pair substitution

A

The replacement of one nucleotide and its partner in the complementary DNA strand with another pair of nucleotides

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5
Q

Codon

A

A three-nucleotide sequence of DNA or mRNA that specifies a particular amino acid or termination signal; the basic unit of the genetic code

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6
Q

Capsid

A

The protein shell that encloses a viral genome. It may be rod-shaped, polyhedral, or more complex in shape

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7
Q

Conjugation

A

In prokaryotes, the direct transfer of DNA between two cells that are temporarily joined. In ciliates, a sexual process in which two cells exchange haploid micronuclei.

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8
Q

Corepressor

A

A small molecule that cooperates with a repressor protein to switch an operon off.

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9
Q

Double helix

A

The form of native DNA, referring to its two adjacent polynucleotide strands wound into a spiral shape

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10
Q

DNA polymerases

A

An enzyme that catalyzes the elongation of new DNA at a replication fork by the addition of nucleotides to the existing chain

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11
Q

DNA ligase

A

A linking enzyme essential for DNA replication; catalyzes the covalent bonding of the 3’ end of a new DNA fragment to the 5’ end of a growing chain

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12
Q

Exons

A

A coding region of a eukaryotic gene. Exons, which are expressed, are separated from each other by introns

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13
Q

F factor

A

A fertility factor in bacteria; a DNA segment that confers the ability to form pili for conjugation and associated functions required for the transfer of DNA from donor to recipient. It may exist as a plasmid or be integrated into the bacterial chromosome

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14
Q

F plasmid

A

The plasmid form of the F factor

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15
Q

Frameshift mutation

A

A mutation occurring when the number of nucleotides inserted or deleted is not a multiple of three, resulting in the improper grouping of the following nucleotides into codons

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16
Q

Helicase

A

An enzyme that untwists the double helix of DNA at the replication forks

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17
Q

HIV (human immunodeficiency virus)

A

The infectious agent that causes AIDS. HIV is a retrovirus

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18
Q

Introns

A

A non-coding, intervening sequence within a eukaryotic gene

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19
Q

Inducer

A

A specific small molecule that inactivates the repressor in an operon

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20
Q

Leading strand

A

The new continuous complementary DNA strand synthesized along the template strand in the mandatory 5’ -> 3’ direction

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21
Q

Lagging strand

A

A discontinuously synthesized DNA strand that elongates in a direction away from the replication fork

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22
Q

Lytic cycle

A

A type of viral (phage) replication cycle resulting in the release of new phages by lysis (and death) of the host cell

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23
Q

Lysogenic cycle

A

A phage replication cycle in which the viral genome becomes incorporated into the bacterial host chromosome as a prophage and does not kill the host

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24
Q

Mismatch repair

A

The cellular process that uses special enzymes to fix incorrectly paired nucleotides

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25
Q

Messenger RNA

A

A type of RNA, synthesized from DNA, that attaches to ribosomes in the cytoplasm and specifies the primary structure of a protein

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26
Q

Mutations

A

A change in the DNA of a gene, ultimately creating genetic diversity

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27
Q

Mutagens

A

A chemical or physical agent that interacts with DNA and causes a mutation

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28
Q

Missense mutation

A

The most common type of mutation, a base pair substitution in which the new codon makes sense in that it still codes for an amino acid

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29
Q

Nuclease

A

An enzyme that hydrolyzes DNA and RNA into their component nucleotides

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30
Q

Nucleotide excision repair

A

The process of removing and then correctly replacing a damaged segment of DNA using the undamaged strand as a guide

31
Q

Nonsense mutation

A

A mutation that changes an amino acid codon to one of the three stop codons, resulting in a shorter and usually nonfunctional protein

32
Q

Nucleoid

A

A dense region of DNA in a prokaryotic cell

33
Q

Origins of replication

A

Site where the replication of a DNA molecule begins

34
Q

Operator

A

In prokaryotic DNA, a sequence of nucleotides near the start of an operon to which an active repressor can attach. The binding of the repressor prevents RNA polymerase from attaching to the promoter and transcribing the genes of the operon

35
Q

Operon

A

A unit of genetic function common bacteria and phages, consisting of coordinately regulated clusters of genes with related functions

36
Q

Primer

A

A polynucleotide with a free 3’ end, bound by complementary base pairing to the template strand, that is elongated during DNA replication

37
Q

Primase

A

An enzyme that joins RNA nucleotides to make the primer

38
Q

Promoter

A

A specific nucleotide sequence in DNA that binds RNA polymerase and indicates where to start transcribing RNA

39
Q

Point mutations

A

A change in a gene at a single nucleotide pair

40
Q

Prions

A

And infectious form of protein that may increase in number by converting related proteins to more prions

41
Q

Plasmid

A

A small ring of DNA that carries accessory genes separate from those of a bacterial chromosome; also found in some eukaryotes, such as yeast

42
Q

Replication fork

A

A Y-shaped region on a replicating DNA molecule where new strands are growing

43
Q

RNA processing

A

Modification of RNA before it leaves the nucleus, a process unique to eukaryotes

44
Q

Reading frame

A

The way a cell’s mRNA translating machinery groups the mRNA nucleotides into codons

45
Q

RNA polymerase

A

An enzyme that links together the growing chain of ribonucleotides during transcription

46
Q

Okazaki fragments

A

A short segment of DNA synthesized on a template strand during DNA replication. Many Okazaki fragments make up the lagging strand of a newly synthesized DNA

47
Q

R plasmids

A

A bacterial plasmid carrying genes that confer resistance to certain antibiotics

48
Q

Repressor

A

A protein that suppresses the transcription of a gene

49
Q

Regulatory gene

A

A gene that codes for a protein, such as a repressor, that controls the transcription of another gene or group of genes

50
Q

Semiconservative model

A

type of DNA replication in which the replicated double helix consists of one old strand, derived from the old molecule, and one newly made strand

51
Q

Reverse transcriptase

A

An enzyme encoded by some certain viruses (retroviruses) that uses RNA as a template for DNA synthesis

52
Q

Poly-A-Tail

A

The modified end of the 3’ end of an mRNA molecule consisting of the addition of some 50 to 250 adenine molecules

53
Q

Restriction enzymes

A

A degradative enzyme that recognizes and cuts up DNA (including that of certain phages) that is foreign to a bacterium

54
Q

Transformation

A

1) The conversion of a normal animal cell to a cancerous cell. 2) A change in genotype and phenotype due to the assimilation of external DNA by a cell

55
Q

Topoisomerase

A

A protein that functions of DNA replication, helping to relieve strain in the double helix ahead of the replication fork

56
Q

Telomeres

A

The protective structure at each end of a eukaryotic chromosome. Specifically, the tandemly repetitive DNA at the end of the chromosome’s DNA molecule

57
Q

Telomerase

A

An enzyme that catalyzes the lengthening of telomeres. The enzyme includes a molecule of RNA that serves as a template for new telomere segments

58
Q

Transcription

A

The synthesis of RNA on a DNA template

59
Q

Translation

A

The synthesis of a polypeptide using the genetic information encoded in an mRNA molecule. There is a change of “language” from nucleotides to amino acids

60
Q

Template strand

A

The DNA strand that provides the template for ordering the sequence of nucleotides in an RNA transcript

61
Q

Terminator

A

In prokaryotes, a special sequence of nucleotides in DNA that marks the end of a gene. It signals RNA polymerase to release the newly made RNA molecule, which then departs from the gene

62
Q

Transcription unit

A

A region of a DNA molecule that is transcribed into an RNA molecule

63
Q

Transcription factors

A

A regulatory protein that binds to DNA and stimulates transcription of specific genes

64
Q

Transcription initiation complex

A

The completed assembly of transcription factors in RNA polymerase bound to the promoter

65
Q

TATA box

A

A promoter DNA sequence crucial in forming the transcription initiation complex

66
Q

Transfer RNA

A

An RNA molecule that functions as an interpreter between nucleic acid and protein language by picking up specific amino acids and recognizing the appropriate codons in the mRNA

67
Q

Transduction

A

1) A DNA transfer process in which phages carry bacterial genes from one host cell to another. 2) In cellular communication, the conversion of a signal from outside the cell to a form that can bring about a specific cellular response

68
Q

Viral envelopes

A

A membrane that cloaks the capsid that in turn encloses a viral genome

69
Q

Virulent phages

A

A phage that reproduces only by a lytic cycle

70
Q

Temperate phages

A

A phage that is capable of reproducing by either the lytic or lysogenic cycle

71
Q

Vaccines

A

A harmless variant or derivative of a pathogen that stimulates a host’s immune system to mount defenses against the pathogen

72
Q

Viroids

A

A plant pathogen composed of molecules of naked circular RNA only several hundred nucleotides long

73
Q

RNA splicing

A

The removal of non-coding portions (introns) of the RNA molecule after initial synthesis

AP Biology (8 decks)

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