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AP Biology > Unit 4: Ch's 8-10 > Flashcards

Unit 4: Ch's 8-10 Flashcards

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1
Q

Anabolic pathway

A

A metabolic pathway that synthesizes a complex molecule from simpler compounds

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2
Q

ATP

A

An adenine-containing nucleoside triphosphate that releases free energy when it’s phosphate bonds are hydrolyzed. This energy is used to drive endergonic reactions in cells

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3
Q

ADP

A

A nucleotide composed of adenosine and two phosphate groups; ;formed in living cells and is an intermediate between ATP and AMP; can be turned back into ATP

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4
Q

Activation energy

A

The amount of energy that reactants must absorb before a chemical reaction will start

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5
Q

Active site

A

The specific portion of an enzyme that attaches to the substrate by means of weak chemical bonds

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6
Q

Acetyl CoA

A

Acetyl Coenzyme A; the entry compound for the citric acid cycle and cellular respiration, formed from a fragment of pyruvate attached to a coenzyme

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7
Q

ATP Synthase

A

A cluster of several membrane proteins found in the mitochondrial crista (and bacterial plasma membrane) that function in chemiosmosis with adjacent electron transport chains, using the energy of a hydrogen ion concentration gradient to make ATP. ATP synthase provide a port through which hydrogen ions diffuse into the matrix of a mitochondrion

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8
Q

Allosteric regulation

A

The binding of a molecule to a protein that affects the function of the protein at a different site

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9
Q

Aerobic

A

Containing oxygen; referring to an organism, environment, or cellular process that requires oxygen

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10
Q

Anaerobic

A

Lacking oxygen; referring to an organism, environment, or cellular process that lacks oxygen and may be poisoned by it

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11
Q

Alcohol fermentation

A

The conversion of pyruvate to carbon dioxide and ethyl alcohol

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12
Q

Absorption spectrum

A

The range of a pigment’s ability to absorb the various wavelengths of light

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13
Q

Beta oxidation

A

A metabolic sequence that breaks fatty acids down to two-carbon fragments that enter the citric acid cycle as acetyl CoA

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14
Q

Catabolic pathway

A

A metabolic pathway that releases energy by breaking down complex molecules to simpler compounds

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15
Q

Chemical energy

A

Energy stored in the chemical bonds of molecules; a form of potential energy

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16
Q

Catalyst

A

A chemical agent that changes the rate of a reaction without being consumed by the reaction

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17
Q

Cofactors

A

Any non-protein molecule or ion that is required for the proper functioning of an enzyme. Cofactors can be permanently bound to the active site or made by loosely with the substrate during catalysis

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18
Q

Coenzyme

A

An organic molecule serving as a cofactor. Most vitamins function as coenzymes and important metabolic reactions

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19
Q

Competitive inhibitors

A

A substance that reduces the activity of an enzyme by entering the active site in place of the substrate who structure it mimics

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20
Q

Cellular respiration

A

The most prevailant in efficient catabolic pathway for the production of ATP, in which oxygen is consumed as a reactant along with organic fuel

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21
Q

Citric acid cycle

A

A chemical cycle involving eight steps that completes the metabolic breakdown of glucose molecules to carbon dioxide; occurs within the mitochondrion; the second major stage in cellular respiration

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22
Q

Cytochromes

A

And iron containing protein, a component of electron transport chains in mitochondria and chloroplasts

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23
Q

Chemiosmosis

A

An energy coupling mechanism that uses energy stored in the form of a hydrogen ion gradient across a membrane to drive cellular work, such as the synthesis of ATP. Most ATP synthesis in cells occurs by chemiosmosis

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24
Q

Chlorophyll

A

A green pigment located with in the chloroplasts of plants. Chlorophyll a can participate directly in the light reactions, which convert solar energy to chemical energy

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25
Q

Calvin cycle

A

The second of two major stages in photosynthesis (following the light reactions), involving atmospheric CO2 fixation and reduction of the fixed carbon into carbohydrate

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26
Q

Carbon fixation

A

The incorporation of carbon from CO2 into an organic compound by an autotrophic organism (a plant, another photosynthetic organism, or a chemoautotrophic prokaryote).

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27
Q

Chlorophyll a

A

A type of blue green photosynthetic pigment that participates directly in the light reactions

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28
Q

Chlorophyll b

A

A type of yellow green accessory photosynthetic pigment that transfers energy to chlorophyll a

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29
Q

Carotenoids

A

An accessory pigment, either yellow or orange, in the chloroplasts of plants. By absorbing wavelengths of light that chlorophyll cannot, carotenoids broaden the spectrum of colors that can drive photosynthesis

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30
Q

Cyclic electron flow

A

A route of electron flow during the light reactions of photosynthesis that involves only photosystem I and that produces ATP but not NADPH or oxygen

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31
Q

C3 plants

A

A plant that uses the Calvin cycle for the initial steps that incorporate CO2 into organic material, forming a three carbon compound as the first stable intermediate

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32
Q

C4 plants

A

A plant that prefaces the Calvin cycle with reactions that incorporate CO2 into a four carbon compound, the end product of which supplies CO2 for the Calvin cycle

33
Q

CAM plants

A

A plants that uses crassulacean acid metabolism, an adaptation for photosynthesis in arid conditions, first discovered in the family Crassulacae. Carbon dioxide entering open stomata during the night is converted into organic acids, which release CO2 for the Calvin cycle during the day, when stomata are closed

34
Q

Entropy

A

A quantitative measure of disorder or randomness, symbolized by S

35
Q

Endergonic reaction

A

A nonspontaneous chemical reaction, and which free energy is absorbed from the surroundings

36
Q

Exergonic reaction

A

A spontaneous chemical reaction, in which there is a net release of energy

37
Q

Enzyme

A

A protein serving as a catalyst, a chemical agent that changes the rate of a reaction without being consumed by the reaction

38
Q

Electron transport chain

A

A sequence of electron carrier molecules (membrane proteins) that shuttle electrons during the redox reactions that release energy used to make ATP

39
Q

Electromagnetic spectrum

A

The entire spectrum of radiation ranging in wavelength from less than a nanometer to more than a kilometer

40
Q

First law of thermodynamics

A

The principle of conservation of energy. Energy can be transferred and transformed, but it cannot be created or destroyed

41
Q

Fermentation

A

A catabolic process that makes a limited amount of ATP from glucose without an electron transport chain and that produces a characteristic end product, such as ethyl alcohol or lactic acid

42
Q

Glycolysis

A

The splitting of glucose into pyruvate. Glycolysis is the one metabolic pathway that occurs in all living cells, serving as the starting point for fermentation or aerobic respiration

43
Q

G3P

A

Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate

The carbohydrate produced directly from the Calvin cycle

44
Q

Induced fit

A

The change in the shape of the active site of an enzyme so that it binds more snugly to the substrate, induced by entry of the substrate

45
Q

Kinetic energy

A

The energy of motion, which is directly related to the speed of that motion. Moving matter does work by imparting motion to other matter

46
Q

Lactic acid fermentation

A

The conversion of pyruvate to lactate with no release of carbon dioxide

47
Q

Light reactions

A

The steps of photosynthesis that occur on the thylakoid membranes of the chloroplast and that convert solar energy to the chemical energy of ATP and NADPH, evolving oxygen in the process

48
Q

Light-harvesting complex

A

Complex of proteins associated with pigment molecules (including chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and carotenoids) that captures light energy and transfers it to reaction-center pigments in a photosystem

49
Q

Metabolism

A

The totality of an organism’s chemical reactions, consisting of catabolic and anabolic pathways

50
Q

Metabolic pathway

A

A series of chemical reactions that either build a complex molecule (anabolic pathway) or breaks down a complex molecule into simpler compounds (catabolic pathway).

51
Q

Mesophyll

A

The ground tissue of a leaf, sandwiched between the upper and lower epidermis and specialized for photosynthesis

52
Q

Noncompetitive inhibitors

A

A substance that reduces the activity of an enzyme by binding to a local remote from the active site, changing its conformation so that it no longer binds to the substrate

53
Q

NAD+

A

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, A coenzyme present in all cells that helps enzymes transfer electrons during the redox reactions of metabolism

54
Q

NADP+

A

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate, an acceptor that temporarily stores energized electrons produced during the light reactions

55
Q

Noncyclic electron flow

A

A route of electron flow during the light reactions of photosynthesis that involves both photosystems and produces ATP, and NADPH, and oxygen. The nets electron flow is from water to NADP+

56
Q

Oxidation

A

The loss of electrons from a substance involved in a redox reaction.

57
Q

Oxidative phosphorylation

A

The production of ATP using energy derived from the redox reactions of an electron transport chain

58
Q

Potential energy

A

The energy stored by matter as a result of its location or spatial arrangement

59
Q

Phosphorylated

A

Referring to a molecule that has been the recipient of a phosphate group

60
Q

Proton-motive force

A

The potential energy stored in the form of an electrochemical gradient, generated by the pumping of hydrogen ions across the biological membranes during chemiosmosis

61
Q

Photophosphorylation

A

The process of generating ATP from ADP and phosphate by means of a proton motive force generated by the thylakoid membrane of the chloroplast during the light reactions of photosynthesis

62
Q

Photons

A

A quantum, or discrete amount, of light energy

63
Q

Photosystem

A

Light capturing unit located in the thylakoid membrane of the chloroplast, consisting of a reaction center surrounded by numerous light harvesting complexes. There are two types of photosystems, one and two; they absorb light best at different wavelengths

64
Q

Primary electron acceptor

A

A specialized molecule sharing the reaction center with the pair of reaction center chlorophyll a molecules; it accepts an electron from one of these two chlorophylls

65
Q

Photorespiration

A

A metabolic pathway that consumes oxygen, releases carbon dioxide, generates no ATP, and decreases photosynthetic output; generally occurs on hot, dry, bright days, when stomata close and the oxygen concentration in the leaf exceeds that of carbon dioxide

66
Q

Reduction

A

The addition of electrons to a substance involved in a redox reaction

67
Q

Reaction center

A

Complex of proteins associated with two special chlorophyll a molecules and a primary electron acceptor. Located centrally in a photosystem, this complex triggers the light reactions of photosynthesis. Excited by light energy, one of the chlorophylls donates an electron to the primary electronic acceptor, which passes an electron to an electron transport chain

68
Q

Rubisco

A

Ribulose carboxylase, the enzyme that catalyzes the first step of the Calvin cycle (the addition of CO2 to RuBP, or ribulose biphosphate)

69
Q

Second law of thermodynamics

A

The principal whereby every energy transfer or transformation increases the entropy of the universe. Ordered forms of energy are at least partly converted to heat, and in spontaneous reactions, the free energy of the system also decreases

70
Q

Substrate

A

The reactant on which an enzyme works

71
Q

Substrate-level phosphorylation

A

The formation of ATP by directly transferring a phosphate group to ADP it from an intermediate substrate in catabolism

72
Q

Stomata

A

A microscopic pore surrounded by guard cells in the epidermis of leaves and stems that allows gas exchange between the environment and the interior of the plant

73
Q

Stroma

A

The fluid of the chloroplast surrounding the thylakoid membrane; involved in the synthesis of organic molecules from carbon dioxide and water

74
Q

Thermal energy

A

The total amount of kinetic energy due to molecular motion in a body of matter. Heat is energy in its most random form

75
Q

Thermodynamics

A

1) The study of energy transformations that occur in a collection of matter
2) A phenomenon in which external DNA is taken up by a cell and functions there

76
Q

Thylakoids

A

A flattened membrane sac inside the chloroplast, used to convert light energy to chemical energy

77
Q

Visible light

A

That portion of the electromagnetic spectrum detected as a various colors by the human eye, ranging in wavelength from about 380 nm to about 750 nm

78
Q

Wavelength

A

The distance between crests of waves, such as those of the electromagnetic spectrum

AP Biology (8 decks)

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