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AP Biology > Ch 6&7 > Flashcards

Ch 6&7 Flashcards

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1
Q

Organelles

A

Any of several membrane-enclosed structures with specialized functions, suspended in the cytosol of eukaryotic cells

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2
Q

Cytosol

A

The semi fluid portion of the cytoplasm

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3
Q

Plasma membrane

A

The membrane at the boundary of every cell that acts as a selective barrier, regulating the cell’s chemical composition

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4
Q

Nuclear envelope

A

In a eukaryotic cell, the double membrane that surrounds the nucleus, perforated with pores that regulate traffic with the cytoplasm. The outer membrane is continuous with the endoplasmic reticulum.

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5
Q

Chromosomes

A

A cellular structure consisting of one DNA molecule and associated protein molecules (in some contexts, may refer to DNA alone). A eukaryotic cell typically has multiple, linear chromosomes, which are located in the nucleus. A prokaryotic cell often has a single, circular chromosome, which is found in the nucleoid, a region that is not enclosed by a membrane.

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6
Q

Chromatin

A

The complex of DNA and proteins that makes up eukaryotic chromosomes. When the cell is not dividing, chromatin exists in its dispersed form, as a mass of very long, thin fibers that are not visible with a light microscope.

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7
Q

Contractile Vacuole

A

A membranous sac that helps move excess water out of certain freshwater protists

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8
Q

Central Vacuole

A

In a mature plant cell, a large membranous sac with diverse roles in growth, storage, and sequestration of toxic substances

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9
Q

Chloroplasts

A

An organelle found in plants and photosynthetic protists that absorbs sunlight and uses it to drive the synthesis of organic compounds from carbon dioxide and water

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10
Q

Cristae

A

An infolding of the inner membrane of a mitochondrion. The inner membrane houses electron transport chains and molecules of the enzyme catalyzing the synthesis of ATP

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11
Q

Cytoskeleton

A

A network of microtubules, microfilaments, and intermediate filaments, that extend throughout the cytoplasm and serve a variety of mechanical, transport, and signaling functions

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12
Q

Centrosome

A

A structure present in the cytoplasm of animal cells that functions as a microtubule-organizing center and is important during cell division. A centrosome has two centrioles

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13
Q

Centrioles

A

A structure in the centrosome of an animal cell composed of a cylinder of microtubule triplets arranged in a “9 + 0” pattern. A centrosome has a pair of centrioles.

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14
Q

Cilia

A

A short appendage containing microtubules in eukaryotic cells. A motile cilium is specialized for locomotion or moving fluid past the cell; it is formed from a core of nine outer doublet microtubules and two inner single microtubules (the “9 + 2” arrangement) ensheathed in an extension of the plasma membrane. A primary cilium is usually nonmotile and plays a sensory and signaling role; it lacks the two inner microtubules (the “9 + 0” arrangement)

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15
Q

Cell wall

A

A protective layer external to the plasma membrane in the cells of plants, prokaryotes, fungi, and some protists. Polysaccharides such as cellulose (in some plants and protists), chitin (in fungi), and peptidoglycan (in bacteria) are important structural components of cell walls

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16
Q

Collagen

A

A glycoprotein in the extracellular matrix of animal cells that forms strong fibers, found extensively in connective tissue and bone; the most abundant protein in the animal kingdom

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17
Q

Concentration Gradient

A

A region along which the density of a chemical substance increases or decreases

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18
Q

Endomembrane System

A

The collection of membranes inside and surrounding a eukaryotic cell, related either through direct physical contact or by the transfer of membranous vesicles; includes the plasma membrane, the nuclear envelope, the smooth and rough endoplasmic reticulum, the Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, vesicles, and vacuoles

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19
Q

Endoplasmic Reticulum

A

An extensive membranous network in eukaryotic cells, continuous with the outer nuclear membrane and composed of ribosome-studded (rough) and ribosome-free (smooth) regions

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20
Q

Smooth ER

A

The portion of the endoplasmic reticulum that is ribosome free

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21
Q

Rough ER

A

The portion of the endoplasmic reticulum with ribosomes attached

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22
Q

Endocytosis

A

Cellular uptake of biological molecules and particulate matter via formation of vesicles from the plasma membrane

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23
Q

Exocytosis

A

The cellular secretion of biological molecules by the fusion of vesicles containing them with the plasma membrane

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24
Q

Food Vacuole

A

A membranous sac formed by phagocytosis of microorganisms or particles to be used as food by the cell

25
Q

Flagella

A

A long cellular appendage specialized for locomotion. Like motile cilia, eukaryotic flagella have the “9 + 2” arrangement ensheathed in an extension of the plasma membrane. Prokaryotic flagella have a different structure

26
Q

Fluid mosaic model

A

The currently accepted model of cell membrane structure, which envisions the membrane as a mosaic of protein molecules drifting laterally in a fluid bilayer of phospholipids

27
Q

Facilitated diffusion

A

The passage of molecules or ions down their electrochemical gradient across a biological membrane with the assistance of specific transmembrane transport proteins, requiring no energy expenditure.

28
Q

Golgi Apparatus

A

An organelle in eukaryotic cells consisting of stacks of flat membranous sacs that modify, store, and route products of the endoplasmic reticulum and synthesize some products, notably noncellulose carbohydrates

29
Q

Granum

A

A stack of membrane-bounded thylakoids in the chloroplast. Grana function in the light reactions of photosynthesis

30
Q

Gated channels

A

A transmembrane protein channel that opens or closes in response to a particular stimulus

31
Q

Hypertonic

A

Referring to a solution that, when surrounding a cell, will cause the cell to lose water

32
Q

Hypotonic

A

Referring to a solution that, when surrounding a cell, will cause the cell to take up water

33
Q

Integral proteins

A

A transmembrane protein with hydrophobic regions that extend into and often completely down the hydrophobic interior of the membrane and with hydrophilic regions in contact with the aqueous solution on one or both sides of the membrane (or lining the channel in the case of a channel protein)

34
Q

Isotonic

A

Referring to a solution that, when surrounding a cell, causes no net movement of water into or out of the cell

35
Q

Ion channels

A

A transmembrane protein channel that allows a specific ion to diffuse across the membrane down its concentration or electrochemical gradient

36
Q

Lysosome

A

A membrane-enclosed sac of hydrolytic enzymes found in the cytoplasm of animal cells and some protists

37
Q

Mitochondria

A

An organelle in eukaryotic cells that serves as the site of cellular respiration; uses oxygen to break down organic molecules and synthesize ATP

38
Q

Mitochondrial matrix

A

The compartment of the mitochondrion enclosed by the inner membrane and containing enzyme and substrates for the citric acid cycle, as well as ribosomes and DNA

39
Q

Motor proteins

A

A protein that interacts with cytoskeletal elements and other cell components, producing movement of the whole cell or parts of the cell

40
Q

Nucleolus

A

A specialized structure in the nucleus, consisting of chromosomal regions containing the ribosomal RNA (rRNA) genes along with ribosomal proteins imported from the cytoplasm; site of rRNA synthesis and ribosomal subunit assembly

41
Q

Osmosis

A

The diffusion of free water across a selectively permeable membrane

42
Q

Osmoregulation

A

Regulation of solute concentrations and water balance by a cell or organism

43
Q

Phagocytosis

A

A type of endocytosis in which large particulate substances or small organisms are taken up by a cell. It is carried out by some protists and by certain immune cells of animals (in mammals, mainly macrophages, neutrophils, and dendritic cells)

44
Q

Peroxisome

A

An organelle containing enzymes that transfer hydrogen atoms from various substrates to oxygen, producing and then degrading hydrogen peroxide

45
Q

Plastids

A

One of a family of closely related organelles that includes chloroplasts, chromoplasts, and amyloplasts. Plastids are found in cells of photosynthetic eukaryotes

46
Q

Pseudopodia

A

A cellular extension of amoeboid cells used in moving and feeding

47
Q

Peripheral Proteins

A

A protein loosely bound to the surface of a membrane or to part of an integral protein and not embedded in the lipid bilayer

48
Q

Passive transport

A

The diffusion of a substance across a biological membrane with no expenditure of energy

49
Q

Stroma

A

The dense fluid within the chloroplast surrounding the thylakoid membrane and containing ribosomes and DNA; involved in the synthesis of organic molecules from carbon dioxide and water

50
Q

Transport vesicles

A

A small membranous sac in a eukaryotic cell’s cytoplasm carrying molecules produced by the cell

51
Q

Transport proteins

A

A transmembrane protein that helps a certain substance or class of closely related substances to cross the membrane

52
Q

Tonicity

A

The ability of a solution surrounding a cell to cause that cell to gain or lose water

53
Q

Thylakoids

A

A flattened, membranous sac inside a chloroplast. Thylakoids often exist in stacks called grana that are interconnected; their membranes contain molecular “machinery” used to convert light energy to chemical energy

54
Q

Selective permeability

A

A property of biological membranes that allows them to regulate the passage of substances across them

55
Q

Ribosomes

A

A complex of rRNA and protein molecules that function as a site of protein synthesis in the cytoplasm; consists of a large and a small subunit. In eukaryotic cells, each subunit is assembled in the nucleolus.

56
Q

Vesicles

A

A membranous sac in the cytoplasm of a eukaryotic cell

57
Q

Diffusion

A

The random thermal motion of particles of liquids, gases, or solids. In the presence of a concentration or electrochemical gradient, diffusion results in the net movement of a substance from a region where it is more concentrated to a region where it is less concentrated

58
Q

Aquaporins

A

A channel protein in a cellular membrane that specifically facilitates osmosis

59
Q

Active transport

A

The movement of a substance across a cell membrane against its concentration or electrochemical gradient, mediated by specific transport proteins and requiring an expenditure of energy

AP Biology (8 decks)

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