Unit 8 Flashcards
DSM-5
Diagnosis and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders Edition 5
Classification of disorders by categories
Depressive Disorder
- extreme sadness and loss of interest
Bipolar Disorder (감정 기복)
- depression and mania (흥분)
anxiety Disorders
- fear and worry
Obssessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders (완벽주의자들, 강박증)
- obsessions and compulsions
Trauma and Stressor Related Disorders
Dissociative Dosirders
- amnesia
Somatic Disorders
Eating Disorders
3 types of etiology
Supernatural
- mental illness is caused by supernatural phenomena such as possession (emotion of gods) etc.
Somatogenic
- root of psychological illness was due to psychological cause
ex) theory of humorism
Psychogenic
- mental illness is psychological instead of physiological or supernatural
Supernatural etiology
- mental illness caused by supernatural phenomena such as possession (emotion of gods) or astronomy related event
정신적 아픔은 초자연적인 현상이다
Solution
- Trephination (Drilling holes to patients brain and release evil spirits)
Somatogenic etiology
- psychological illness was due to a physiological cause
정신적 아픔은 인체적인 문제다
Theory of humorism
Solution
- to resolve an imbalance in blood, a popular technique was blood-letting (process where blood is drained)
Humorism
Somatogenic Etiology believed that humans had to balance 4 different fluids (blood, black bile, phlegm, yellow bile); needed to balance for good health
Psychogenic Etiology
mental illness is psychological instead of physiological or supernatural
정신적 아픔은 인체적/초자연적인 현상이 아니라 심리학적인 현상이다
most common used approach in modern times
Confidentiality laws
Protect patient from potential discrimination or other negative implications by protecting almost all information presented during a psychological health session
Insanity Defense
Legal concept (X psychological concept)
that a defendant may claim that they were mentally disturbed at the time of their criminal act (약간 심신미약 느낌)
defendant was unable to understand or control their actions due to mental illness
Behavioral Approach
Studies the connection between our minds and behavior
Ivan Pavlov and B.F. Skinner
explain learned phobia (little Albert Study)
Biological Approach
State that behavior is based on physical processes such as those relating to the brain, hormones, and other chemicals
Paul Broca, Carl Wernicke, Roger Sperry
Disorders are a result of a misbalance in the brain (whether it is neurotrasnmitters or hormones)
Biopsychosocial Approach
Acknowledges the person as a whole and tries to look at all of the patient’s circumstances. Looks at biological, psychological, and social factors to understand a person’s behavior
Modern Psychology
Disorders are as a result of genetic predisposition, a misbalance in the brain, maladaptive thoughts, and culture
Cognitive Approach
States that thought processes impact the way people behave
study how an emotion such as fear affects one’s thinking
Jean Piaget, Albert Bandura
Disorders are a result of maladaptive thoughts
Evolutionary Approach
Uses evolutionary biology to explain human behavior. Also, it looks at how natural selection of traits promotes the survival of genes. An evolutionary psychologist may study how anger could be a gene inherited from our ancestors.
Charles Darwin
Anxiety helped us survive (natural selection)
Humanistic Approach
Believes that humans have free will and the ability to grow
All individuals are stiving to reach self actualization with this approach
Abraham Maslow, Carl Rogers
Anxiety disorders are as a result of not having the environment to grow (not having an unconditional positive regard) and therefore being unable to reach self-actualization.
Psychodynamic Approach
Focuses on the study of the unconscious mind. It states that behavior is determined by past experiences stored in the unconscious mind.
Sigmund Freud, Carl Jung, Erik Erikson
Could explain that anxiety disorders are a result of unconscious thoughts from childhood or the instability of the ego and not being able to balance between the id and superego.
Sociocultural Approach
Studies how thinking and behavior vary across cultures and situations. A sociocultural psychologist may study how expressions of fear vary across cultures.
Solomon Asch, Stanley Migram
Anxiety occurs as a result of norms that exist within a culture.
Purpose of Diagnostic label
to categorize/classify mental illnesses within an easily identifiable set of parameters
옷에 붙어있는 상표처럼
각 증상에 붙어있는 설명,
하지만 그런 설명이 한 사람을 나타내지는 않음
negative consequence) Increased stigma and discrimination towards certain group
Self-fulfilling Prophecies
prediction that directly or indirectly causes itself to become true due to the positive feedback between belief and behavior
우리가 알람을 맞춰 놓는 것과 비슷하다. 7시에 일어날거라는 믿음이 우리를 진짜로 7시에 일어나게 만든다
Neurodevelopmental Disorders
caused by unusual brain development, brain damage, or any other abnormality in the brain
Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD)
affect communication and behavior (wide range of symptoms, skills, and levels of disability)
atypical behaviors, speech, interests, thought patterns, and interpersonal interactions
(prefer routine over spontaneity)
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)
- Extreme inattention
- Hyperactivity
-Impulsivity
inheritable and can be treated with medication
Intellectual Disability
IQ below than 70
- have limitations in learning
- have difficulty communicating
- lack in many skills needed for everyday life
(have trouble adapting to the demands of life tha require conceptual, social, and practical skills)
Ex) Down Syndrome
Neurocognitive Disorder
Decrease in mental functioning caused by a somatogenic cause
(ex. breating conditons, brain trauma, and cardiovascular disorders)
Alzheimer’s disease (affect memory)
- Short-term memory loss
- Headaches
- Difficulty walking and driving
- Inablity to focus
(no cure of Alzheimer)
Schizophrenia Spectrum Disorder
psychiatric (or psychotic) disorder that impacts an individual’s perception of reality
Acute Schizophrenia
developed rapidly after a period of stress
- have positive symptoms and responsive to therapy (recovery possible)
Symptoms as delusions ans hallucinations are shown
Delusions (false belief, 헛된 믿음)
Hallucination (헛것이 보이는 거)
Chronic Schizophrenia
slow and develops over time
negative s ymptoms (recovery is doubtful)
inablity to feel emotion
Difficulty understanding emotion
Difficulty reading others’ emtions
Lack of pleasure
Catatonia
Being motionless for hours and agitated shortly after
차로 비유를 하자면, 니 몸이 차라고 비유
그러면 고속도로 한가운데에서 차가 멈춰, 움직이지는 못하는데 주변의 상황들은 자각할 수 있음
Flat Affect
Emotionless state
그냥 멍하니 있는 거
Mood Disorders
unusual and disruptive changes in mood (Depressions and mania)
could be caused by chemical embalances, genetic factors, env. factors
Major Depressive Disorder (MDD)
common perception of the general population when they think of depression
MDD는 한 사람이 우을중에 극도로 오랫동안 있으면 생기는 증상
Dysthymic Disorder
least two years and have symptoms like
Loss of appetite
Sleeping problems
Low energy and self-esteem
Loss of focus
Hopelessness
MDD랑 다르게 오랫동안 지속 (몇 년씩 지속 되면 Dysthymic Disorder)
Bipolar Disorder (BP_
Fluctuating mood between depression and mania/ hypomania
Suicide
happen when someone has depression or BP
Panic Disorder
Mixture of physiological and fear-based anxiety
panik attack
- physiological symptoms such as sweating, fast heart rate, or dizziness
OCD
강박증
having OCD becomes haunting, time-consuming, and ritualistic
sever OCD can struggle with performing importnat life activieis and routines
GAD (Generalized Anxiety Disorder)
- characterized by consistent anxiety of worst case scenario situations regarding any ongoing event
Exaggerated arousal of the autonomic nervous system
- have hard time sleeping often accompanied by the depressed mood
-concentration become hard
Agoraphobia
type of anxiety disorder that involves a fear of being in situations where it might be difficult or embarrassing to escape or get help in the event of a panic attack
내가 쥐가 되면 고양이를 무서워하겠지. 근데 aographobia는 고양이가 나올 것 같은 장소에 있기만해도 공포감을 느낀다 그래서 그런 곳을 회피한다
PTSD (Post traumatic Stress disorder)
Intrusive thoughts
- 다른 잡생각들로 인해서 집중을 못하거나 방해가 됨 (대부분 트라우마로 인해 생긴 감정들이 방해를 함)
Survivor Resiliency
우리가 PTSD에서 극복하고 살아가는, 이겨내는 것
posttraumatic growth
시간이 지나면서 점점 좋은 방향으로 바뀐다, 극복해내는 것?
Conversion Disorder
Person expereinces physical symptoms for no reason
Illness Anxiety Disorder
Hypochondriasis, where someone interprets their regular physical symptoms as a sign of disease.
그냥 병에 걸릴까봐 걱정하는 것?
Dissociative Disorders
Defined as a disruption causing inconsistencies in consciousness
psychogenic amnesia (ex)
Psychogenic Amnesia
Disorder characterized by the inability to recall personal information, usually of a traumatic or stressful nature
약간 찬유가 자기의 교통사고를 기억못하는 느낌. 그것이 그에게는 트라우마이기 때문에
Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID)
multiple personality disorder, conditon wherein a person’s indentity is fragmented into 2 or more distinct personality states
여러명의 운전자를 보는 느낌 같은 차를 공유하지만 운전하는 스타일이 다르다
Eating Disorders
characterized by disordered eating patterns (can be caused by body image issues)
Body image issue
persons negative thought sand feelings about their own body and physical appearance
자신의 몸에 대한 안좋은 생각
Anorexia Nervosa
너가 살찌는게 두려워서 밥을 아예 안먹어 leads to self-starvation and excessive weight loss
Bulimia Nervosa
많이 먹는 것이 결국에는 안좋은 식습관으로 이어지고, 토를 하거나 laxatives를 써서 몸속에 음식들을 빼낸다
yellow teeth
Paranoid Personality Disorder PPD
Irrational fear, inability to trust others, often thinks in worst case scenario situations A
남들을 못 믿고, 부정적으로만 생각하는 찌질이 ㅅㄲ
Schizoid Personality Disorder
Detachemnt from emotions and relationships, little to no interest in any social interaction A
그냥 나는 자연인 그 자체, 사회와 단절된 삶을 더 즐기는 스키조이드
schizotypal Personality Disorder
Eccentric and/or erratic thought, behavioral, and speech patterns, delusion may be present A
얘도 뭔가 사회불안? 자기 자신이 사회와 어울리지 못한다는 생각을 가지고 있음
ASPD Antisocial Personality Disorder
Lack of empathy, patterns of manipulation for selfish benefits, little to no remorse; exhibiting a lack of conscience for doing something wrong
Characterized by a chronic lack of care for the feelings and outcomes of others
B
BPD Borderline Personality Disorder
Extreme emotional swings and perceptions of the world, black and white thinking, impuslive behavior B
약간 극단적인 놈? 그리고 감정 기복이 심함
HPD Histronic Personality Disorder
Dramatic and impulsive behavior, obsessive need to be the center of attention, people-pleasing B
약간 드라마의 주인공이 되어야하는 그런 놈 HPD
Narcissistic Personality Disorder NPD
Grandiose delusoins
manipulation
perfectionism
defensive and upset if critized B
자기 사랑에 빠진 놈 미친 쉐끼 NPD
AVPD AVoidant Personality Disorder
Low self esteem
avoidance of social interactions
afraid of rejection and cricism
개 쫄보 쉐끼, 자기의 실패와 지적을 부정하고 받아드리지 않는 놈
C
DPD Dependent Personality Disorder
Abandonment issue
anxiety when alone
afraid of rejection and criticism
혼자 있는걸 두려워하고 똑같이 실패를 부정하는 놈 C
OCPD Obsessive-compulsive Personality Disorder
C 완벽주의자, 강박증
Cluster A
Eccentric behaviors—emotionless disengagement
Cluster B
Dramatic and impulsive behaviors—attention-getting
Cluster C
Anxiety—fearing rejection
Aaron Beck
known for youth inventory, anxiety inventory
BDI (beck scale depression inventory) is a self-report rating inventory that measures characteristic attitudes and symptoms of depression
Mary Cover Jones
came up with exposure therapy called systematic desensitization (help overcome phobias and other anxiety disorders + with Joseph Wolpe)
Carl Rogers
Client-centered talk therapy
focusing on the individual’s own thoughts and feeling
3 Therapies
Biomedical Therapy
- drugs can be used to relieve physical or physiological pain
Eclectic Approach
- uses techniques from different types of therapies
Talk Therapy
- A collection of approaches that involve taking to the client or group/family therapy
Behavioral Psychology
use counterconditioning (use classical conditioning to create new conditioned response)
Systematic Desensitization
include pairing a stimulus of fear with relaxation techniques and conditioning the subject to associate the stimulus
우리가 수영을 배울때 바로 깊은 곳에 안들어가고 천천히 극복 해나가면서 phobia를 없애는 훈련
Virtual Reality Exposure Therapy
method for reducing fears and phobias when individuals are immersed in virtual environment
공포가 너무 심하면 가상현실로 극복을 먼저 해나간다
Aversive conditioning
type of behavior modification that uses negative stimuli to discourage unwanted behavior
우리가 뜨거운 물을 만졌을때
만지다가 데임 (negative stimulus)
이 경험은 뜨거운 물을 만지는 것에 대해 안좋게 반응한다 (discouraging unwanted behavior)
Behavior Modification
Change a particular undesirable negative behavior by using a system of rewards and consequences
우리가 개를 훈련 시킬때 간식으로 보상을 주면서 습관을 바꾸는 것
Unconditional Positive regard
concept of Carl Rogers that involve accepting, respecting others without judgement
햇빛이 햇볕을 주듯이 공평하게 bias 없이 나눠주는 것
4 things of Psychodynamic Psychology
- bring unconscious thoughts into awareness, provide insight into where the disorder may be coming from
- Use free association, Freud would look for mental blocks (우리가 생각을 못하게 방해하는 것들) and how ppl
- Freud would see these mental blocks and how people tried to defend themselves, and he began to interpret why these blocks existed
- The patient would become more open and comfortable, expressing feelings with no problem
Freud는 환자의 Mental block을 찾고 해결하는 방안을 찾는다
CBT (cognitive-Behavioral Psychology)
One of the most widely practiced therapies and most successful
Anorexia
Eating disorder (fear of gaining weight)
Antidepressant
used to treat depression, anxiety, OCD, and PTSD
Mood stabilizers
Help with BP
ECT (Electroconvulsive Therapy)
마취? 같은걸로 마비 시키고 몇 세션 다음에 우을증이 사라짐
rTMS
used for ASD (use magnetic energy sent to the brain)
Deep-brain stimulation
help with depression and possibly OCD
Types of Therapy
Individual therapy
Group Therapy
Family Therapy
Rational-Emotive Therapy
Benefit of Psychotherapy
Hope
New attitude
New relationships
