Unit 3 Flashcards
Bottom-up Processing
process start at the sensory receptors and works up to the brain using the five sense
(ex. What am I looking at?)
Top-down process
Process construct perception, your organization of sensory information, from the sensory input collected by drawing on experiences and expectations
(ex. Is that something I’ve seen before?)
Sensory Adaptation
refer to the situation when you have decreasing responses to a stimuli due to constant stimulation
(ex. 방에 들어가서 냄새를 맡다가 어느새 적응해서 아무 냄새도 안 느껴짐)
because your nerve cells fire less frequently
Sensory Habituation
refer to your perception of sensation depending on how much you focus on them
Energy Senses
Vision (Rods cones)
Hearing (Cochlea)
Touch (Pain, pressure, texture, temperature)
Chemical Senses
Taste/gustation (Sweet, sour, salty, bitter, umami (taste bud)
Smell/olfaction (smell receptors
Body Position senses
Vestibular sense (hairlike cells located in semicircular canals (inner ear canal)
Kinesthetic sense (Receptors in muscle and joints)
Figure - ground Relationship
Perceptual tendency to separate whole scenes or objects into a clear figure (object of focus) and a more indistinct background (ground)
ex. Necker Cube (depending on your focus you may see a cube or a black circle with white lines
Remember
Gestalt !The whole can be greater than the sum of its parts!
Proximity
group nearby objects together
Continuity
perceive continuous patterns rather than discontinuous ones
Closure
fill in gaps to form a whole object
Absolute threshold
minimum stimulation needed to detect any stimuli 50% of the time
(lowest level of stimuli needed to detect smell, sound, ray of light)
Signal Detection Theory
A theory predicting how and when we detect the presence of a faint stimulus (signal) amid background noise (other stimuli)
Finding a friend in a concert hall where you have to find the friend’s voices (signal) throughout the noises of others (other stimuli)
Different Threshold
Known as Just Noticeable Difference (JND)
is the smallest amount by which a stimulus must be changed in order for the change to be detectable at least half of the time
너가 데드리프트를 100kg하는중에 조금씩 무게를 올리면 인지를 못함 (because it is below your difference threshold)
근데 한번에 무게를 많이 올리면 체감이 확 옴 (because it is above your difference threshold)
Weber’s Law
Principle describing the relationship between stimulus and resulting sensation, stating that the JND is a constant proportion of the original intensity of the stimulus
Changes are relative to initial weight or intensity
가방에 이미 책들이 있는데 책들을 더 추가하면 별로 차이를 못 느낌
하지만, 아무것도 없는 가방에 책을 넣으면 체감이 확 옴
Sensation
Actual awareness of our environment through the five senses
Perception
the way we interpret this sensory information to tell us something about our environment, making sense of where we are.
Perceptual Set
describe our tendency to perceive some aspects of sensory data and ignore others
(influenced by our expectations, emotions, and cultural upbringing)
Schema
mental framework that help organize and interpret information
Like templates for google slides.
Use an existing structure to guide your work
Ex) Stereotypes and social roles
Context effect
refers to how the context (or env.) in which something is experienced can impact perception and recall of the event or information
Selective Attention
Our focus on a particular stimulus among others
ex) Imagine a party where people starts to talk at once. If someone talks to you you might tune into the conversation even though the environment is loud. Your selective Attention makes you more focus toward the conversation = this is the cocktail party Effect
Cocktail party Effect
The ability of you tuning into a conversation where the environment is still loud (like a party)
Inattentional Blindness
Occurs when you fail to see visible objects when your attention is focused elsewhere
ex) In a party you were so focused on the conversation that you did not recognize a friend has came to the party unitl they tap your shoulders
Your focus on one thing can make you blind to toher things happening around you
Change Blindness
The failure to notice significant changes in our environment
ex) 틀린 그림 찾기. 두 그림중에 무엇이 바뀌었는지를 찾지 못함
Depth Perception
Involve ability to perceive spatial relationships
(how far the objects are from us)
Monocular Cues
Cues available with only one eye like interposition, relative height, relative motion, linear perspective, relative size, and light and shadows
Binocular Cues
Cues that depend on the use of both eyes.
Retinal Disparity
Retinal Disparity
The ability to difference between the two image (judge distance)
Perceptual Constancy
perceive moving objects as unchanging
자동차가 점점 내쪽으로 오는데 물체가 진짜로 커지는 것은 아니지만 가까이 오고 있어서 커지는 것을 느낌
Visual Capture
refer to the dominance of vision over other sense modalities in creating a perception
(Our vision often takes charge and influence our perception more than any other senses)
우리가 마술을 볼때 분명 가짜인것을 알지만 눈으로 속아서 실제로 마법처럼 보인다
Stroboscopic Effect
visual phenomenon where continuous motions is presented by a series of short instantaneous sample
우리가 만화를 볼때 사실은 연속적인 영상이 아니라 일정한 장면들을 하나하나 빠르게 이어 붙인 것
phi phenomenon
우리가 series of light bulbs들을 볼때 단순히 불들이 껏다 켜졌다 할 뿐이지만 우리는 그게 불빛이 움직이는 것으로 착각
Autokinetic effect
when you stare at a spot of light projected on the wall for a long time
우리가 불빛을 오랫동안 쳐다볼때 그 불빛이 움직인다고 착각을 함
Constancy
maintain constant perception
Size constancy
위치에 따라 물체의 사이즈가 달라짐
(차가 가깝거나 멀거나)
shape constancy
문을 닫은 그림이랑 문을 연 그림이랑
모형이 다르다
Brightness Constancy
미술에서 그림자를 표현하는 것처럼
Culture
refer to shared belief, values, behavior patterns and artifacts that characterize a group of people
Muller - Lyer illusion
그 막대기 두개 인데 양끝쪽에 모양만 다름
those who come from noncarpentered cultures (cultures that don’t use right angles and corners when building architecture) are usually not fooled by the illusion
(this shows that the culture plays a huge role in perception)
electromagnetic spectrum
Humans see visible light. The spectrum varies in wavelength from 400nm to 700nm, purple to red
intensity
Amount of energy in light
(when light is bright is has a high light intensity)
Intensity affected by the amplitude (wave’s height)
Hue
main properties of color, defined by a particular wavelength within the visible light spectrum
Cornea
Thin tissue that protects the eye and bends light to provide focus 볼록하고 투명한 부위
pupil
a small opening controlled by the iris
Iris
colored muscle that constricts (gets smaller) or dilates (gets larger) based on light intensity
빛을 세게 받으면 눈 사이즈가 작아짐
Lens
focuses incoming light onto the retina as an upside-down image and changes the shape of light (accommodation)
Retina
visual information begins to be processed as this is where transduction occurs
Transduction
the process of changing physical energy to neural impulses so that the brain can understand them
Rods and Cones
(photoreceptor cells)
Rods
- detect black, white, and gray
Cones
- color receptors
Ganglion cell
projection neurons of the vertebrate retina
Young-Helmholtz Trichromatic Theory
theory that the retina contains three different color receptors (RGB)
they conclude that these three colors combine to produce the other colors we see
Opponent- Process Theory (Ewald Hering)
color vision depends on three sets of opposing retinal processes
red - green
blue - yellow
white - black
우리가 미국 국기를 1분간 쳐다보다가 흰색 바탕을 봤을때 미국의 국기 색깔이 다르게 보임 (초록색과 노랑색, 검정색)
Group Principles
Similarity
- we group similar figures together
ex) we perceive a group of baseball players wearing the same color jersey as one team
Proximity
- we group nearby figures together
ex) we perceive players sitting together on a bench as one team
Continuity
- we perceive smooth, continuous patterns rather than discontinuous ones
Closure
- we fill in gaps to create a complete, whole objects
Connectedness
- we perceive items that are uniform and linked as a single unit
Gibson and Walk study
아기가 과연 depth를 구별할 수 있는지 없는지에 관한 실험
착시현상으로 절벽에 놓여있는 아기가 과연 바닥을 건널지 안건널지를 보는 실험
Relative Size
If two images are, in reality, the same size, we would perceive the one closest to us to be larger
원근감
Interposition
If one image covers another, it looks closer, larger
Relative Motion/ Motion Parallax
When we are in motion the objects we see thinks as they are moving
우리가 차안에서 바깥을 볼때 나무들이 움직이는 것처럼 보임 하지만 사실은 우리가 움직이는 것임
Fovea Vision
foveal vision plays a crucial role in our ability to perceive fine details and perform tasks that require precise visual discrimination.
Pinna
Outer part of the ear and channels the sound wave into the ear canal
Auditory Canal
고막까지의 귀 통로
Ear drum
tight membrane, and when sound waves hit it vibrates (고막)
3 bone in the middle ear
Hammer, anvil, stirrup) translate the vibration to the cochlea
cause the oval window (cochlea’s membrane to vibrate)
cochlea
physical stimuli of the sound wave is converted into a neural impulse
Sensorineural hearing loss (nerve deafness)
caused by damage to the cochlea’s cells or damage to the auditory nerve
signal is transferred to the cochlea but not to the brain
Conduction hearing loss
caused by damage to the system that conducts sound waves to the cochlea
- may be damage done to the eardrum or the middle ear bones
place theory
explains how we hear high-pitched sounds
high pitch have high frequency meaning it will peak near the close ends of the basiliar membrane.
Low pitch would be the opposite so would be hard for us to hear
basiliar membrane
the main mechanical element from the inner ear membrane
Frequency Theory
explains how we hear low-pitched sounds
volley principle
explain that since neurons cannot fire more than 1000 times in a minute, some neurons alternate firing
Gustation
5 main taste receptors
Sweet
sour
salty
bitter
umami
Olfaction
Smell (enabled our survival)
Gate-control theory
Melzack/Wall
the spinal cord, where pain signals are sent, has a neurological gate that can block or allow a pain signal to go to the brain
The gate is opened by small nerve fibers that carry pain signals and closed by larger nerve fibers or information coming from the brain
Vestibular Sense
your sense of movement, including balance
semicircular canals and vestibular sacs in the inner ear are responsible for keeping balance
Kinesthesia
system tha enables us to sense our position and how and where our body parts move
