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AP psych. > Unit 1 > Flashcards

Unit 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

Functionalism

A
  • Made by William James
  • created to understand how the conscious mind is related to behavior
  • consider mental life and behavior in terms of active adaptation to person’s environment
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2
Q

Structuralism

A
  • structure is more important than function
  • mind is broken into elements to understand brain and its function (mind를 structure 형태로 분해함)
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3
Q

Wilhelm Wundt

A
  • Believed in INTROSPECTION and STRUCTURALISM
  • Made the first psychology lab
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4
Q

Introspection

A
  • self-examination/ observation of one’s emotional/ thought process
  • looking inward one’s inner feeling
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5
Q

Behaviorism

A
  • study of observable events
  • shift psychology as a science-based study based on observable event
  • John B. Watson and Ivan Pavlov and B.F. Skinner (reinforcement)
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6
Q

Gestalt Psychology

A
  • the whole is different than the sum of its parts
  • suggests that human minds do not focus on small components. Instead, humans see the greater whole
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7
Q

Psychoanalytic/Psychodynamic

A
  • Approach focuses on study of unconscious mind (behavior is determined by past experience
  • Sigmund Freud
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8
Q

Humanistic Approach

A
  • humans have free will and the ability to grow
  • Individuals are striving to reach self- actualization and greatest potential with this approach
  • Abraham Maslow (hierarchy of needs) and Carl Rogers
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9
Q

Cognitive Approach

A
  • state that thought processes impact the way people behave
  • cognitive psychologists may study how emotion (ex. fear) affects one’s thinking
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10
Q

Biological psychology

A

state physical processes shape behavior

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11
Q

clinical psychology

A

section of psychology focused on assessing and treating mental, emotional, and behavioral disorders

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12
Q

Cognitive psychology

A

study of mental process associated with thinking, knowing, and communication

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13
Q

Counseling psychology

A

focus on personal issues that are not classified as mental disorders

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14
Q

Developmental psychology

A

study social, physical, and cognitive changes throughout lifespanE

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15
Q

Educational psychology

A

study how psychological processes can impact in improve of learning and teaching

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16
Q

Industrial-organizational psychology

A

study relationships between work and people in order to help companies increase productivity and train employees

16
Q

experimental psychology

A

use experimental methods to examine relationships between behavior and the mind

17
Q

Experiments

A

Purpose
- manipulate independent variables to determine effect of certain behavior

Good
- determine cause and effect
- can be retested/proven

Bad
- potential ethical issues
- artificial env. create low realism (people know they are being researched so impact result)

18
Q

Correlational Studies

A

Purpose
- look relationships between variables and is used when experiments are unavailable

Good
- easy to conduct than experiment
- used when experiments are impossible

Bad
- cannot determine cause and effect

19
Q

Survey

A

Purpose
- Collect of information reported by people about a particular topic

Good
- Cost-effective
-most reliable

Bad
- Low response rate
- Can’t verify accuracy of individual’s response

20
Q

Naturalistc Observation

A

Purpose
- researcher observe subject’s behavior without intervention (관리감독 없이 observe만)

Good
- More reliable than a lab setting

Bad
- Hawthorn Effect (people behave differently when they know they are being observed impacting the result)

  • Depending on researchers could draw different conclusions from the same behavior
21
Q

Case Study

A

Purpose
- study in-depth of an individual/small group

Good
- Provide detailed information

Bad
- Cannot generalize results to a wider population
- difficult to replicate
- time consuming

22
Q

Longitudinal Studies

A

Purpose
- same individuals studied over long period of time

Good
- Show effect of changes over time
- powerful than ‘cross-sectional studies’

Bad
- Require large amount of time
- Expensive

23
Q

Cross Sectional Studies

A

Purpose
- Examine people of different groups at the same time

Good
- quick easy to conduct
- generalize results

Bad
- Difficult to find populations differing by only one factor
- cannot measure changes over time

24
Q

Basic Research

A

Research that is driven by curiosity

25
Q

Applied Research

A

Research that is used to solve a problem or do something of practical use

26
Q

Operational Definitions

A

statements of exact procedures used in studies to reduce bias during the experiment

27
Q

Confounding Variable

A

Outside influence that changes the effect of the dependent and independent variable (third source)

28
Q

Random Assignment

A

Randomly selecting people to be in a experiment group (sample에서 각각의 experimental group으로 들어갈 확률)

29
Q

Random Sampling

A

randomly selecting people form the population to be in the experiment as a whole (population에서 샘플로 모두가 동등하게 들어갈 확률)

30
Q

Hindsight Bias

A

tendency to believe that you knew what was going to happen, as if you foresaw the event (그럴줄 알았어, 그렇게 될 줄 알았어)

31
Q

External Validity

A

refer to how well the result of a study could be generalized/ applied to other situations and people

32
Q

Internal Validity

A

refers to how well an experiment is done, especially whether it avoids confounding variable

33
Q

Descriptive Research Method

A

Purpose
- observe and record behavior (by case studies, naturalistic observation, surveys)

Bad
- cannot determine cause and effect

34
Q

Informed Consent

A

participants must agree to participate

35
Q

Deception

A

lying to participants about the true purpose or nature of a study

Deception debriefing is a must

36
Q

Anonymity

A

Information about the participant will be held a secretr

37
Q

Coercion

A

Participants cannot be coerced to give consent to be in any study

38
Q
A

AP psych. (9 decks)

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