Unit 1 Flashcards
Functionalism
- Made by William James
- created to understand how the conscious mind is related to behavior
- consider mental life and behavior in terms of active adaptation to person’s environment
Structuralism
- structure is more important than function
- mind is broken into elements to understand brain and its function (mind를 structure 형태로 분해함)
Wilhelm Wundt
- Believed in INTROSPECTION and STRUCTURALISM
- Made the first psychology lab
Introspection
- self-examination/ observation of one’s emotional/ thought process
- looking inward one’s inner feeling
Behaviorism
- study of observable events
- shift psychology as a science-based study based on observable event
- John B. Watson and Ivan Pavlov and B.F. Skinner (reinforcement)
Gestalt Psychology
- the whole is different than the sum of its parts
- suggests that human minds do not focus on small components. Instead, humans see the greater whole
Psychoanalytic/Psychodynamic
- Approach focuses on study of unconscious mind (behavior is determined by past experience
- Sigmund Freud
Humanistic Approach
- humans have free will and the ability to grow
- Individuals are striving to reach self- actualization and greatest potential with this approach
- Abraham Maslow (hierarchy of needs) and Carl Rogers
Cognitive Approach
- state that thought processes impact the way people behave
- cognitive psychologists may study how emotion (ex. fear) affects one’s thinking
Biological psychology
state physical processes shape behavior
clinical psychology
section of psychology focused on assessing and treating mental, emotional, and behavioral disorders
Cognitive psychology
study of mental process associated with thinking, knowing, and communication
Counseling psychology
focus on personal issues that are not classified as mental disorders
Developmental psychology
study social, physical, and cognitive changes throughout lifespanE
Educational psychology
study how psychological processes can impact in improve of learning and teaching
Industrial-organizational psychology
study relationships between work and people in order to help companies increase productivity and train employees
experimental psychology
use experimental methods to examine relationships between behavior and the mind
Experiments
Purpose
- manipulate independent variables to determine effect of certain behavior
Good
- determine cause and effect
- can be retested/proven
Bad
- potential ethical issues
- artificial env. create low realism (people know they are being researched so impact result)
Correlational Studies
Purpose
- look relationships between variables and is used when experiments are unavailable
Good
- easy to conduct than experiment
- used when experiments are impossible
Bad
- cannot determine cause and effect
Survey
Purpose
- Collect of information reported by people about a particular topic
Good
- Cost-effective
-most reliable
Bad
- Low response rate
- Can’t verify accuracy of individual’s response
Naturalistc Observation
Purpose
- researcher observe subject’s behavior without intervention (관리감독 없이 observe만)
Good
- More reliable than a lab setting
Bad
- Hawthorn Effect (people behave differently when they know they are being observed impacting the result)
- Depending on researchers could draw different conclusions from the same behavior
Case Study
Purpose
- study in-depth of an individual/small group
Good
- Provide detailed information
Bad
- Cannot generalize results to a wider population
- difficult to replicate
- time consuming
Longitudinal Studies
Purpose
- same individuals studied over long period of time
Good
- Show effect of changes over time
- powerful than ‘cross-sectional studies’
Bad
- Require large amount of time
- Expensive
Cross Sectional Studies
Purpose
- Examine people of different groups at the same time
Good
- quick easy to conduct
- generalize results
Bad
- Difficult to find populations differing by only one factor
- cannot measure changes over time
Basic Research
Research that is driven by curiosity
Applied Research
Research that is used to solve a problem or do something of practical use
Operational Definitions
statements of exact procedures used in studies to reduce bias during the experiment
Confounding Variable
Outside influence that changes the effect of the dependent and independent variable (third source)
Random Assignment
Randomly selecting people to be in a experiment group (sample에서 각각의 experimental group으로 들어갈 확률)
Random Sampling
randomly selecting people form the population to be in the experiment as a whole (population에서 샘플로 모두가 동등하게 들어갈 확률)
Hindsight Bias
tendency to believe that you knew what was going to happen, as if you foresaw the event (그럴줄 알았어, 그렇게 될 줄 알았어)
External Validity
refer to how well the result of a study could be generalized/ applied to other situations and people
Internal Validity
refers to how well an experiment is done, especially whether it avoids confounding variable
Descriptive Research Method
Purpose
- observe and record behavior (by case studies, naturalistic observation, surveys)
Bad
- cannot determine cause and effect
Informed Consent
participants must agree to participate
Deception
lying to participants about the true purpose or nature of a study
Deception debriefing is a must
Anonymity
Information about the participant will be held a secretr
Coercion
Participants cannot be coerced to give consent to be in any study
