Unit 4

Question 1

Classical Conditioning

Answer 1

Describes a process in which the environment presents an organism with a stimulus, which causes the organism to react in a certain way

Ivan Pavlov

John Watson

Responses in classical conditioning are involuntary or reflexive

UCR, UCS, CR, CS

Question 2

Operant Conditioning

Answer 2

Begins with the organism performing a voluntary behavior which leads to the environment reacting in a certain way (pleasant or unpleasant way)
This consequence influences the likelihood of the organism performing the task again (positive or negative reinforcement)

ex) the student is given a dollar when he finishes his homework. Triggers to do his HW more often

Edward Thorndike

BF Skinner

= Reinforcement + Punishment

Question 3

Observational Learning

Answer 3

learning by observing.
when a person sees another person doing that behavior, the one who is watching might try to imitate the behavior.

누가 담배를 피는 것을 보고 다음에 나도 담배를 펴보는 (learning by observing)

Albert Bandura

Modeling

Question 4

learned helplessness

Answer 4

Condition where an individual feels powerless to change their situation due to repeated failures or negative outcomes in the past (operant conditioning)

내가 바운스볼 단계를 깰려고 하는데 계속 된 실패로 인해 의기소침해져있는 condition

Question 5

taste aversion

Answer 5

learned response where an individual develops a strong dislike or avoidance for certain foods due to previous negative experiences (classical conditioning)

내가 버섯을 안 먹는 이유, 예전에 먹고 속이 안좋아져서 싫어한다

Question 6

Superstitious behavior

Answer 6

behavior that is linked to particular outcome based on the belief in cause and effect, despite there being no logical or scientific connection between them

내가 바운스볼 단계를 깨기전에 손을 씻을때마다 성공함. 나는 그러면 손을 씻고 바운스볼을 하면 단계를 깰 수 있다고 믿는다

Question 7

Preparedness

Answer 7

animals are biologically more likely to learn behavior helpful to survival

Question 8

Instinctive dirft

Answer 8

means that a conditioned behavior may drift back towards the natural and instinctive behavior of the animal

내가 강아지보고 신문을 물어서 갖고오라고 훈련을 해도
강아지는 자신의 동물적 본능에 의해 신문을 찢을 때가 있다.
dog’s natural instinct takes over

Question 9

Respondent behavior

Answer 9

Heartbeat
Breathing
Salivation
Startle response
nausea
Shivering
sexual arousal
etc.

Question 10

Classical Conditioning Example

Answer 10

NS (Neutral stimulus)
lightning = no response

US (Unconditional Stimulus)
Thunder = flinching (Unconditional Response UR)

NS (Neutral stimulus) + Thunder (US)
= UR flinch

Conditioned response
lightning = UR flinching

Question 11

Acquisition Stage

Answer 11

refer to the initial phase of learning where an individual begins to understand and respond appropriately to new information or exp.

아직 알아가는 단계

Question 12

Spontaneous Recovery

Answer 12

refer to the reappearance of a previously extinguished conditioned response after some time has passed without exposure to the conditioned stimulus

여드름때문에 초콜릿을 안먹었었는데 어느날 갑자기 초콜릿을 찾게 됨 (이게 spontaneous recovery)

Question 13

Extinction

Answer 13

When the CS do no longer cause the CR to happen

강아지가 드디어 종을 울려도 밥을 안준다는 것을 깨달았을때

Question 14

Generalization

Answer 14

Trigger the CR to a stimulus similar to CS

강아지가 종소리랑 휘파람에 둘 다 반응할때
휘파람은 아직 condition 안했는대도 반응

Question 15

Discrimination

Answer 15

Only respond CR to certain CS

강아지가 종소리에만 반응 하고 휘파람에는 반응을 안함

Question 16

John B. Watson’s Little Albert Experiment

Answer 16

Watson used classical conditioning model to condition a baby named Albert to have phobia towards white rabbit. As he gave loud noise when the rabbit was present, it made the baby scared of the rabbit.

Watson proved that one could learn phobia by classical conditioning

Question 18

John Garcia and Taste Aversion in Rats

Answer 18

The rats felt with nausea (속 울렁증, 토하기 일보직전) with the saccharine water and refused to drink it
But the rats did not show any conditioning to the noise or light
Indicates organisms are biologically prepared to form associations between stimuli and responses that are critical to survival

Question 19

Aversion conditioning

Answer 19

pairs an unwanted behavior with an unpleasant response making you less likely to engage in that behavior
너가 담배를 피고 나더니 속이 울렁거렸어. 너는 속이 울렁거려서 더 이상 담배를 안펴 less likely engage with the behavior of smoking

Question 20

Law of Effect

Answer 20

By Edward Thorndike
- responses closely followed by satisfaction will become firmly attached to the situation and therefore more likely to reoccur when the situation is repeated. Vice versa, if the situation followed by discomfort, connections to the situation becomes weaker

그니까, 강아지에게 만약 앉으라하고 간식을 주면 강아지는 앉는것을 좋아하지만 앉으라하고 잔소리를 하면 강아지는 앉는걸 피한다.

Question 21

Meaning of positive/negative punish/reinforce

Answer 21

Positive reinforcement
- something is pleasant (increase chance of the behavior to happen again)
ex) 시험을 잘봤으니까 쿠키 먹어

Negative Reinforcement
- Something is taken away (unpleasant) to encourage that behavior to happen again
ex) Applying sunscreen before heading to the beach to avoid getting sunburned.

Positive Punishment
- something is presented (usually unpleasant) making the behavior happen less often
ex) 시험을 못 봤으니까 숙제 더 주기

Negative Punishment
- something taken away (something pleasant) to make that behavior happen less often
ex) No phone after failing exam

Question 22

Shaping

Answer 22

By Skinner

Shaping refers to gradually teaching new behaviors through reinforcement until the target behavior is achieved)
될때까지 새로운 behavior를 계속 줌

Question 23

Chaining

Answer 23

process of linking together individual behaviors into a sequence of chain.
Each behavior acts as a end result and the cue for the next one
(우리가 햄버거를 만들때 빵 먼저, 소스, 채소, 토마토, 고기, 순으로 차례대로 올리는 것과 같은 chain sequence)

Question 24

Insight Learning

Answer 24

cognitive learning where animals or humans solve a problem using a sudden understanding or realization (a-ha moment)

Question 25

Latent Learning

Answer 25

type of learning that occurs without any obvious reinforcement and isn’t demonstrated until there’s an incentive to do so
(쥐들은 이미 미로를 풀 수 있었지만 일부러 안 풀었다. 쥐들은 어떠한 incentive가 있지 않는한 제대로 안푼다)

Question 26

Fixed ratio

Answer 26

Rewarded after a specific number of responses

You get paid $100 bucks after writing two columns.

Question 27

Variable Ratio

Answer 27

Rewarded after an average but unpredictable number of responses

Put money in a slot machine. It pays out after several plays, but the player is uncertain of the number because it varies.

Question 28

Fixed Interval

Answer 28

Rewarded after a set amount of time has elapsed

People who earn a monthly salary

Question 29

Variable Interval

Answer 29

Rewarded after an average but unpredictable amount of time has elapsed

Person checks email messages and is rewarded with a message at varying times.

Question 30

Albert Bandura’s study

Answer 30

with a Bobo doll, he showed that children observing adult being aggressive with an inflatable toy would more likely show aggressive behaviors later on.

Attention
- one must concentrate on their action taking place

Retention
- One must be able to recall the observed action to imitate it

Reproduction
- One must have the physical and mental capability to complete the activity to imitate it

Motivation
- One must have a perceived incentive to imitate and complete the behavior

Question 31

Mirror Neurons

Answer 31

have mirror neurons in the frontal lobe that people believe are responsible for observational learning
(사람들의 행동들을 똑같이 따라할 수 있음)

Question 32

Prosocial Behavior

Answer 32

• positive, helpful behavior

부모님들은 아이들한테 좋은 영향을 주고 싶어서 욕설이나 안좋은 행동들은 아이들 앞에서 자제한다

Question 33

Antisocial Behavior

Answer 33

Opposite of Prosocial behavior
아이들은 안좋은 습관들을 따라할 수 있다

Question 34

Punishment

Answer 34

Exists to un-shape the negative behavior by the childrens

2 types
- positive
- negative

Question 35

Positive Punishment

Answer 35

Unwanted consequence is given for negative behavior

우리가 과속을 하면 티켓을 끊기는 것처럼
안좋은 행동들에 대해서 추가로 요구를 한다

Question 36

Negative Punishment

Answer 36

occur when desired item or opportunity is removed as a result of bad behavior
만약 시험을 못보면 핸드폰 압수 당함

Question 37

Abstract Learning

Answer 37

involve understanding concepts at an intellectual level rather than just through concrete experience or instruction

마치 사랑을 이해한것처럼, 사랑은 잡을 수 가 없고 책으로도 못 배우는 것.