Unit 2 Flashcards
Nature vs Nurture
The debate of whether human behavior is determined by genetics or learned through environments (Thomas Bouchard Experiment of identical twins of their IQ)
Biopsychosocial Approach
The approach of biological (genes), psychological (gene expression + beliefs) and social- cultural(peer influence) influences all play a part in our individual development
Endocrine System
Endocrine Gland
- Pineal Gland, Hypothalamus, and pituitary Gland
- Thyroid and parathyroid
- Adrenal glands
- Pancreas
Pineal Gland
- Produce melatonin
- regulate circadian rhythm
Hypothalamus
- control pituitary gland
- trigger hunger and thirst
- maintain homeostasis
Pituitary Gland
- Control growth
- Produce hormones such as oxytocin (pair bonding and social trusts)
Thyroid Gland
- maintain metabolism
Parathyroid
- regulate the level of calcium in blood
Adrenal Glands
- Trigger fight or flight responsesF
Fight or flight Response
Automatic Physiological reaction to an event perceived as stressful or frightening
Pancreas
- Regulate the level of blood sugar releasing inculin
Testis and Ovaries
Reproductive organs in the male and female
Epigenetics
- study of how environmental factors influence gene expression
CNS (central nervous system)
composed of brain and spinal cords
PNS (peripheral nervous system)
connects sensory and motor neurons to the CNS
Somatic nervous system (branch of PNS)
charge of controlling voluntary movements of our skeletal muscle
Autonomic nervous system (branch of PNS)
controls all automatic functions of our internal organs (Such as heart beat or breathing)
Dendrite
Receives information and transfers to the cell body
Axon
Pass message to its terminal branches
Myelin Sheath
A layer of tissue that covers the axon and speeds up neural impulses. Without a myelin sheath, there is a loss of muscle control
Threshold
Minimum level of stimulation required to trigger a neural impulse
all-or-none response
they either fire or they don’t
Excitatory
Pushes neuron’s accelerator, makes a neuron more likely to reach action potential and fire
Inhibitory
Push a neuron’s brake, makes it less likely for a neuron to reach action potential
Acetylcholine (ACH)
Function
- Enable muscle action, learning, and memory
Malfunction
- Alzheimer disease
Dopamine
Function
- Influence movement, learning, attention, and emotion
Malfunction
- Less Dopamine = Parkinson Disease
-Oversupply of Dopamine = Schizophrenia
Serotonin
Function
- Affect mood, hunger, sleep, and arousal
Malfunction
- Undersupply = Depression
Antidepressant drug raise serotonin
Norepinephrine
Function
- Help control alertness and arousal
Malfunction
- Undersupply can depress mood
GABA
Function
- Inhibitory neurotransmitter
Malfunction
- Undersupply = seizures, tremors, and insomnia
Glutamate
Function
- Excitatory neurotransmitter
Malfunction
- oversupply = stimulate brain = migraines and seizures
Endorphins
Function
- Diminish perception of pain and act as natural sedative
Malfunction
- Undersupply = cause depression, anxiety and moodiness
withdraw
금단현상
Types of Drug
- Depressant
-Stimulant
- Hallucination
- Opiates
Stimulants
drugs that excites neural activity and speed up body function
ex) nicotine, cocaine
Depressant
drugs that reduce or slow our neural activity and body functions
ex) alcohol
Opiates
depress neural activity, temporarily lessening pain and anxiety as well
ex) endorphine
Hallucinogens
drugs known to distort perception and evoke sensory images without any actual sensory input
ex) LSD
Brainstem
Function
- responsible for controlling many of the body’s basic function
parts
- midbrain
-pons
-medulla
Midbrain
- responsible for managing some of the body’s reflex
(ex) eye movement) - control of sleep, wakefulness, and alertness
pons
- Connects brainstem to cerebellum
- Responsible for sleep, dream, walking
medulla
- responsible for vital body functions (heart rate, blood pressure, and breathing)
Thalamus
Sensory center
- plays crucial role in the processing and relay of sensory information to the appropriate areas of the brain
Cerebellum
- responsible for maintaining balance and coordinate movement
+ process sensory input, nonverbal learning, and implicit memory
Limbic System
group of brain structure that involved in emotions
- Amygdala (emotions)
- Hippocampus (memory)
Hypothalamus (homeostasis) + hypothalamus is also in endocrine system as well
Frontal Lobe
deals with
-problem solving
- decision making
-planning
-judgement
Parietal Lobe
- receives input about touch, temperature, pain, and body position
Temporal Lobe
- Auditory information
Occipital Lobe
- Visual Information
Corpus Callosum
Bridge that allows two Hemisphere to exchange informations
Broca’s Area
Deals with production of language and speaking
(언어, 말 다치면 벙어리)
Wernicke’s Area
Deal with understanding language
(말귀를 못알아 듣는다)
Left Hemisphere
Control right hand
- Spoken language
-written language - mathematical/ logical thought process
- analysis and reading
Deep Thinking
Right Hemisphere
Control left hand
-nonverbal perception
-responsible for musical/artistic process
- emotional thought
Creative Mind
CT
Function
- 2d image of brain using X-ray
Good
- show structures of brain and damages
Bad
- Does not show the function of brain
PET
Function
- Radioactive glucose tracked down to show metabolism by the brain
Good
- Record brain activity
Bad
- Less precise than fMRI and exposure to radiation
EEG
Function
- Electrodes placed on head and graphical images is produced
Good
- Useful with sleep research
Bad
- No structure or function of brain
fMRI
Function
- Measures change in blood flow and creates 3D image
Good
- More precise than PET scan with functional picture of brain
Bad
- Brain area activate for different reasons but unable to detect this
Roger Sperry
Neuropsychologists winning Nobel prize as he discovered the different functions of Right and Left Hemisphere
Plasticity
brain’s ability to reorganize itself after and accident or tragedy or modify itself in response to experience a change
Mere- Exposure effect
People tend to develop a preference for things merely because they are familiar with them
- describes our preference in old stimuli (have seen before) over new stimuli
Priming
- People tend to respond more quickly and accurately to question they have already seen even if they don’t remember them
Blind sight
People who are blind can still accurately describe the path of an object they cannot seePr
Preconscious
무의식
out of your awareness, but anything within your preconscious could be recalled
너 생일이 언제였지? 생각하면 기억남
Unconscious
인간의 본능 욕구
level of conscious that includes all of your unacceptable thoughts and feelings
(sexual ect.)
Nonconscious
body process that you don’t control 24/7 (heart beat, respiration, digestion)
Tolerance
diminishing effect of a drug when taking the same dose of it
Circadian rhythm
internal clock, control our temperature and wakefulness in 24-hour cycle
Suprachiasmatic nucleus in hypothalamus control the circadian rhythm
Sleep is important because
- it helps us restore and repair brain tissue
- restores and rebuild memories of the day
- feeds creative thinking
NREM-1
Falling into unconsciousness, easily awaken
(sleep itself is a conscious state)
NREM-2
Deeper into sleep, bursts of brain activity (sleep spindle)
NREM-3
Deepest sleep; characterized by deep and slow delta waves
REM
Dreaming occurs, high brain activity, physical appearance of deep sleep
Insomnia
불면증 (inability to fall asleep)
Narcolepsy
Sudden uncontrollable sleep attack (기면증)
Night Terror
typically impact children (occur in NREM-3)
walk around while sleeping or screaming
Manifest Content
Made by Sigmund Freud
actual remembered storyline (말 그대로 꿈의 전체적인 이야기의 흐름)
Latent Content
Underlying meaning of the dream (꿈속에 나온 것들이 무엇을 상징하는지)
