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AP United States History > Unit 8 > Flashcards

Unit 8 Flashcards

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1
Q

What was the Cold War?

A

A conflict between two belligerents in which neither engages in open warfare with the other;
More a battle of ideologies than a battle of bloodshed

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2
Q

What were the causes of the Cold War?

A

-Tensions between the US and USSR since the Russian Revolution (US didn’t like the idea of communism)
-Joseph Stalin kept Soviet troops in Central and Eastern European countries even tho the allies agreed to let those countries have free elections
-Made of those nations communist satallite states^
-USSR wanted Germany to be weak so they could pose less of a threat and extract reparations while Allies wanted a revitalized Germany for a strong, stable Europe

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3
Q

How did America respond to communism?

A

Containment

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4
Q

What was the Truman Doctrine?

A

Advocated for the containment of communism by lending support to any nation threatened by it

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5
Q

What was the Marshall Plan?

A

It allocated almost $13 billion for European countries to rebuild;
“If nations had a healthy economy, they would be more likely to opt for democracy than communism.”

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6
Q

What was the Berlin Blockade?

A

Soviet blockage of transportation by which Western supplies West Berlin

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7
Q

How did America respond to the Berlin Blockade?

A

Berlin Airlift;
US used supplies by plane to western Berlin instead

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8
Q

What was NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization)?

A

Members entered a military alliance to resist any aggressive actions of the Soviet Union

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9
Q

What was the Warsaw Pact?

A

Members entered a military alliance to resist any aggressive actions the US

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10
Q

Was there an arms race between the US and the USSR?

A

Yes, they even developed the more powerful hydrogen bomb

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11
Q

What were two important proxy wars that happened during this period?

A

Vietnam and Korea War

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12
Q

After WWII, Korea was divided by the 38th parallel. What happened in the Korean War?

A

North Koreans invaded South Korea using soviety munitions and supplies;
UN responded by sending troops led by General MacArthur;
Send North Korean troops all the way to the border of China, which prompted China to send troops to repel the UN troops back below the 38th parallel

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13
Q

What did the Korean War illustrate?

A

-A proxy war
-Direct result of Truman’s containment policy

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14
Q

What was the (Second) Red Scare?

A

Americans being afraid of communism

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15
Q

What was the Taft-Hartley Act?

A

Made it more difficult for workers to strike;
(May not be included) Union leaders were made to pledge that they were not members of the communist party

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16
Q

What was the UnAmerican Activities Committee?

A

Searched for communist influence in every crack of American society, especially in Hollywood (resulting in the Hollywood Ten)

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17
Q

Who was Senator Joe McCarthy?

A

Claimed that there were communists in the state department;
Made people think that American society was crawling with secret communists

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18
Q

What was the Rosenberg case?

A

In which a couple sharing Rosenberg as their last name were accused of being involved in the espionage that allowed the USSR to develop and test their atomic bomb

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19
Q

What were the causes of economic growth in the years after WWII?

A

-Increased productivity (holdover for the massive spike in productivity during the war)
-Massive spending on infrastructure (think Interstate Highway System)

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20
Q

What happened as a result of economic prosperity during this time period?

A

The Baby Boom, which brought about the need for housing (suburbs in particular)

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21
Q

What was Levittown?

A

A suburban community built by William Levin;
He brought a lot of land and produced loads of mass-produced, low-cost homes

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22
Q

Why did people migrate to the Sun Belt region of the US?

A

The newly minted highway system that made interstate migration far easier

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23
Q

Who usually migrated to the Sun Belt?

A

GI’s and their families looking for opportunities in the defense industry

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24
Q

How did migration to the Sun Belt affect the economy?

A

Tax dollars devoted to defense spending shifted to the Sun Belt states and shifted political power from the NE and MW to the S and W

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25
Q

What is mass culture?

A

The culture to which many Americans subscribed

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26
Q

Where did the pressure to conform culturally come from?

A

-McCarthyism
-Widespread use of the television provided a platform for the consumption of mass culture
-Advertising
-Rock n’ Roll (especially for young people)

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27
Q

What did the widespread use of credit cards mean for American citizens?

A

Meant that people could buy more than they could afford

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28
Q

How was the Civil Rights movement championed in teh government?

A

-Truman issues an order that banned segregation in the US armed forces
-Congress passed the 24th Amendment, which abolished the poll tax
-In the Brown v. The Board of Education case, the Court overturned Plessy v. Ferguson arguing that separate educational facilities were inherently unequal

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29
Q

What was the Southern Manifesto?

A

Argued that the Supreme Court had engaged in an abuse of power in the Brown decision

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30
Q

With decolonization came the rise of young nationals with unstable political and economic scenes. They needed aid. Why was this important in the context of the Cold War?

A

It meant that these newly developed nations were valuable assets for either the US or the USSR to attain and influence in their mission to spread their ideologies

31
Q

Why did the U.S. send the CIA to overturn Arbenz, the person who the Guatemalans elected as their leader in 1951?

A

He was a little too socialist;
He nationalized land on which some American fruit companies grew their bananas

32
Q

What did Fidel Castro do?

A

Overthrew the military dictatorship government and rose to the seat of power itself;
He was a communist

33
Q

What was the Bay of Pigs Invasion (1961)?

A

In which trained insurgents to the Castro regime attempted to overthrow it;
It was a failure and led to a more communist embrace

34
Q

What was the Cuban Missile Crisis (1963)?

A

In which Soviet missiles were discovered on Cuban land;
Note that the Americans did the same thing by stockpiling nuclear weapons in Turkey

35
Q

In 1953, why did the US want to overthrow Iran’s prime minister?

A

Because the Iranian prime minister wanted to nationalize Iran’s oil industry and thus have firmer control over it;
Many nations, US included, depended on this oil

36
Q

Vietnam was divided along the 17th parallel until an election could be held. North was communist and South was democratic. What did this set the stage for?

A

The Vietnam War

37
Q

What was the Domino Theory that Eisenhower used to send financial aid to South Vietnam?

A

He argued that if South Vietnam fell to communism, other nations would fall to communism too

38
Q

Who led the Communist North Vietnam?

A

Ho Chi Minh

39
Q

What spurred Johnson to get the US militarilty involved in the Vietnam War?

A

Supposedly, the North Vietnamese attacked a US battleship in the Gulf of Tonkin

40
Q

What is the Credibility Gap?

A

States that the president is lying to the American people about the progress of the war

41
Q

What was the Tet Offensive?

A

A massive surprise attack conducted by the North Vietnamese and resulted in heavy casualties

42
Q

Why did the Tet Offensive prompt Johnson to stop military involvement?

A

Because continuing the war required hundreds of thousands of more troops

43
Q

What was Vietnamization, a policy adopted by Nixon?

A

The removal of federal troops from Vietnamese while still lending financial aid

44
Q

What was the Great Society?

A

-Almost like FDR’s New Deal
-Used programs that mirrored the limited wellfare state created by the New Deal to abolish poverty

45
Q

What was the Office of Economic Opportunity?

A

Implemented self-help programs like literacy and vocational training to the destitute

46
Q

What programs did the Great Society issue?

A

-Medicare program (federally funded health insurance for seniors)
-Medicaid program (federally funded health insurance for the destitute)
-Abolished immigration quotas

47
Q

What was the time of the Great Society a political golden age for?

A

The Liberals

48
Q

What is the significance of the Warren Court?

A

Expanded the application of expanding Liberalism

49
Q

What was the message of the Great Society?

A

That government action can right societal wrongs

50
Q

What happened in the Montgomery Bus Boycott (1955)?

A

Rosa Parks’ arrest for refusing to give up her seat to a white customer led to a bus boycott;
Led to the company stopping segregation

51
Q

What was the sit-in movement?

A

In which a group would sit at lunch counters that were reserved for white people and demand service;
Led to establishments changing their policies

52
Q

What was the culmination of the Civil Rights Movement?

A

March on Washington, where thousands of civil rights activists gathered before the Lincoln Memorial

53
Q

What did Malcom X believe in?

A

Stated that the only way to acquire equality was to counter white violence with black violence

54
Q

What was the Civil Rights Act (1964)?

A

Discrimination on race, religion, or sex is illegal

55
Q

What was the Voting Rights Act (1965)?

A

Outlawed racial discrimination in the voting booth

56
Q

What was “The Feminine Mystique” by Friedan (1963)?

A

Explored the imprisonment of the housewife

57
Q

What was Ms. Magazine by Steinem?

A

A magazine that advanced the womens rights movement

58
Q

What was the Equal Rights Amendment (ERA)?

A

Would ultimately prevent discrimination on the basis of sex, but Schaflay worked to squash it through her STOP ERA efforts

59
Q

What was the Sexual Revolution?

A

Made casual sex a norm;
Allowed for different and more explicity forms of sexuality and expression

60
Q

What is the significance of Roe v. Wade (1973)?

A

Kept abortion legal

61
Q

What was the American Indian Movement?

A

-Reclaim heritage and tribal customs
-Address that systemic poverty shared by many American Indians

62
Q

What was the key moment of the Gay Liberation Movement?

A

Raid on Stonewall Inn, a gathering place of gay people

63
Q

Where did most opposition to existing policies and values come from?

A

Young people

64
Q

What was the Students for a Democratic Society (SDS)?

A

Challenged the prevailing norm that every effort must be made to stop the spread of communism

65
Q

Why did the SDS care about the Vietnam War?

A

Because once they graduated, they would be drafted to what they regarded as an immoral war

66
Q

What was the Kent State Massacre?

A

In which students protesting the latest development in the Vietnam War were open fired upon

67
Q

What was the Counterculture movement defined by?

A

The Hippie, who wore unique clothing, engaged in experimental drug use, and advocated for free love

68
Q

What prompted policymakers to look for different alternatives to energy?

A

The shortage of oil as a result of OPEC raising prices on oil and reducing exports to America

69
Q

What alternatives were explored because of the oil shortage?

A

Nuclear energy (think of the Three Mile Island disaster, in which a nuclear reactor melted down)

70
Q

What was the EPA (made by Nixon)?

A

Manage pollution control programs and oversee industries that engaged in pollution

71
Q

What did the conservatives do in response to liberalism’s Golden Age?

A

-The creation of the New Right
-The John Birch Society, opposed communism and had conspiracies

72
Q

What was the Religion Right?

A

Conservative Christians who opposed liberal trends

73
Q

What is stagflation?

A

Inflation combined with economic stagnation

74
Q

What was the Watergate Scandal?

A

In which Nixon’s re-election committee were caught breaking into a complex that housed the Democratic Party’s headquarters

AP United States History (9 decks)

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