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AP United States History > Unit 1 > Flashcards

Unit 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

What were the three major civilizations in Central and South America?

A

Aztecs, Maya, Inca

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2
Q

What did these three civilizations have in common?

A

-Large urban centers, complex political systems, and well-formed religions
-Maize

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3
Q

What was the capital of the Aztec Empire?

A

Tenochititlan, with a population of 300,000

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4
Q

What did Aztec priests do?

A

Upheld a cult of fertility for the land and people thorugh human sacrifice

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5
Q

Where were the achievements of the Mayans?

A

-Complex irrigation
-Water storage systems
-Built giant stone temples and palaces for their rulers, who their believed were descendants of the gods

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6
Q

What were the acheivements of the Incas?

A

-Cultivation of fertile mountain valleys
-Grew potatoes and other crops watered by elaborate systems of irrigation

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7
Q

Why was the cultivation of maize important?

A

-Supported economic development and the settlement of peoples
-Advanced irrigation and social diversification among societies

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8
Q

Who inhabited the Southwest of America?

A

The Pueblo people

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9
Q

What were the triats of the Pueblo people?

A

-Sedentary population
-Farmers of maize and other crops
-Built adobe and masonry homes

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10
Q

Who lived in the Great Plains and Great Basin regions?

A

Multiple tribes, but Utes are an example

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11
Q

What were the traits of the Great Plains Native Americans?

A

-Nomadic peoples
-Hunter-gatherer-type
-Needed a lot of land to do hunting and gathering because of the aridity of the region

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12
Q

Who lived in the Pacific Northwest?

A

Example would be the Chinook people

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13
Q

What were the traits of the Pacific Northwest peoples?

A

-Lived by the sea
-Settled into fishing villages
-Relied on elk
-Used the forest, cedar wood around them to construct plank houses

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14
Q

Who lived in the Mississippi River Valley?

A

More complex and larger tribe societies, like the Hopewell people

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15
Q

What were the traits of the Hopewell and Cahokia peoples?

A

-Traded extensively with other regions
-Government was led by powerful chieftains who centralized the government

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16
Q

Who lived in the Northeast?

A

Iroquois

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16
Q

Who lived in the Northeast?

A

Iroquis

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17
Q

What were the traits of the Iroquois?

A

-Grew maize, squash, and beans
-Built and lived in longhouses

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18
Q

Why did Europeans go exploring?

A

-Population increase (a rebound after the Black Plague)
-Political unification (the rise of nation-states and powerful monarchs)
-Agriculture and commercial profits gave rise to an upper clase that desired luxury goods

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19
Q

Why didn’t Europeans make us of land-based routes to Asia for their luxury, exotic goods?

A

These routes were dominated by the Muslims, so Europeans were unable to establish an exchange of goods with Asia on their own terms

20
Q

What did Prince Henry the Navigator do?

A

Went around Africa in search for a passage to Asia and thus established a trading post empire, which allowed them gain lucrative profit from the Indian Ocean trade

21
Q

What technology allowed the Europeans to explore?

A

-Caravels, used specifically for trade
-Improved navigation using astrolabe and stern-post rudder

22
Q

Why did Spain explore?

A

For the same reasons as other European countries but also to spread Christianity

23
Q

Why did the Spanish monarchs sponsor Colombus’ travel?

A

-Portugal controlled African routes
-Italian city states controlled Mediterranean routes

24
Q

Where did Columbus land?

A

He thought he landed in the East Indies, but it was actually the island of San Salvador

25
Q

Why did Spain continue its exploration of the Americas?

A

Because of the gold and possible native slaves Colombus found there

26
Q

What was the Columbian Exchange?

A

Transfer of food, animals, minerals, people, and diseases between Africa, Europe, and the Americas

27
Q

How did Hernan Cortes take down Tenochtitlan?

A

Disease, most notably smallpox

28
Q

What was the Great Dying?

A

The way smallpox changed native societies;
In 1530, the Aztecs, Mayans, and Incas had a combined population of 40 million;
150 years later, they had a combined total of about 3 million

29
Q

What foods came from the Americas to Europe?

A

Maize, tomatoes, potatoes, cacao, and tobacco

30
Q

What foods came from Europe/Africa to the Americas?

A

Rice, wheat, soybeans, lemons, and oranges

31
Q

What animals did the Europeans introduce to the Americas?

A

Horses, pigs, cattle, and chickens

32
Q

What is capatilism?

A

An economic system based on private ownserhip and the free and open exchange of goods between property owners

33
Q

What people were exchanged in the Columbian Exchange?

A

Africans, who were packed into ships with unsanitary and inhumane conditions, forced to bypass the Middle Passage, and were sold into bondage for labor

34
Q

How did the Spanish finance their expeditions?

A

Through their mercantilist economic policies

35
Q

What was mercantilism?

A

The dominant economic system of Europe;
Depended on heavy governmental direction and intervention

36
Q

What were Africans exchanged in slavery for?

A

Guns

37
Q

What thought system was used to justify the purchasing of slaves?

A

Europeans postulated that Africans were descendants of Canaan, who has been cursed by Noah to be a slave his whole life, so they found their actions biblically justified

38
Q

What was the encomienda system?

A

A system in leading men called encomenderos were granted a portion of land and all the natives who lived in that land became the coerced labor force

39
Q

Why wasn’t the encomienda system working out for the Europeans?

A

The Great Dying;
The natives knew the land better than their captors, so they could escape

40
Q

Why wasn’t the encomienda system working out for the Europeans?

A

The Great Dying;
The natives knew the land better than their captors, so they could escape

41
Q

Why were Africans brought in to replace native labor?

A

-Had better immunity
-Knew the land less than the Spanish did

42
Q

What was the caste system?

A

Used for tax purposes;
The lower on the hierarchy, the more the taxes

43
Q

What is hegomony?

A

The domination of a nation or group by another nation or group

44
Q

What was the mission system?

A

In which Spain sent missionaires to convert natives to Christianity

45
Q

What tribe converted to Christianity but maintained worship of other gods?

A

The Pueblo people

46
Q

What was the Pueblo Revolt?

A

In which the Pueblo people rose against their captors, killed Spanish colonizers, and burned churches, believing that the cause of their trouble was the Spanish and their Christ

47
Q

What was the effect of the Pueblo Revolt and other revolts like it?

A

King Charles convened a group of priests, philosophers, and jurors to discuss the moral and legal fallout of Spanish conquest in the Americas

48
Q

Who was Batolome de Las Casas?

A

Argued against brutality and killing of the Native Americans;
Suggested instead for Africans to replace native labor

AP United States History (9 decks)

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