Unit 4 Flashcards
How did the Louisiana Purchase of 1803 impact (at least temporarily) Jefferson’s political views?
Because in purchasing the Louisiana Territory, Jefferson enacts a power that is not explicitly stated in the Constitution;
He justified his action by stating that this land would give opportunites for Native Americans to move westward and increasing American dominion in North America
Why did America want the Louisiana Territory?
It contained the valuable trade waterway, the Mississippi River;
Getting it would give America navigation rights in the Mississippi River
What was Marbury v. Madison (1803)?
Before a Democratic Republican would be formally inagurated as president, Federalist John Adams packed open federal judge seats with Federalist judges (aka the midnight judges); however, Madison decided to note deliver these appointments, one of which was Marbury, who argued that he had a right to his commission under the Judiciary Act
What did John Marshall rule in the Marbury v. Madison case?
That the Judiciary Act was unconstitutional and that Marbury’s appointment was thus also unconstitutional;
This established judicial review
What was McColloch v. Maryland (1819)?
An argument over whether a state had the power to tax a federal bank
What did Marshall declare in the McColloch v. Maryland (1819)?
That a state cannot tax a federal bank;
That national laws trump state laws whenever the two contradict
What caused the War of 1812?
-Continued impressment of American citizens into fighting for the British
-Issues on the frontier (Britain was sending aid to natives attacking westward settlers)
Who were the War Hawks?
Avid advocates for the War of 1812 to defend America’s national honor
The Federalists opposed the War of 1812. What was the Hartford Convention?
They threatened to secede from the Union over this disagreement
What did the victory at the War of 1812 do for the Federalists?
It made them look as though their values no longer lined up with the American public;
The demise of the Federalist Party
What effects did the War of 1812 have?
-It made clear that without a National Bank (the charter expired in 1811), the U.S. did not have a reliable source of credit to raise funds
-How weak systems of transportation and infrastructure were
What was Henry Clay’s American System (in response to the effects of the War of 1812)?
-Federally funded internal improvements
-Federal tariffs (protect U.S. manufacturers)
-Second Bank of the United States
What happened when Missouri applied for statehood?
Settlers already brought in slaves so it was expected for Missouri to be a slave state;
But doing so would affect the political balance in the Senate (11 free states, 11 slave states)
What was the Tallmadge Amendment?
An attempted compromise in which Missouri could enter as a slave state but slavery had to banned after 25 years in the state
What was the Missouri Compromise/Compromise of 1820?
-Missouri would be admitted as a slave state
-Maine, a new state, would be admitted as a free state
-Established the 36 degrees 30’ line as a boundary (above it, free state; below it, slave state)
When did James Monroe become president?
1817
What was the Adams-Onis territory?
Made the sale of the Florida territory to the U.S. official
What happened by 1822?
Many Latin American territories became independent nations
What was the Monroe Doctrine (1823)?
Said that Europe was not to interfere with the affairs of any nation in the Western Hemisphere
What caused the Market Revolution?
-Increased demand for U.S. goods
-Innovations in transportation, industry, and agriculture
What was the Market Revolution?
Coordinated industry in the United States;
Caused different regional sectors of the economy knit themselves together into a singular economic entity;
Marked America’s transition from an agrarian nation into an industrializaed country
What were the innovations in transportation during the Market Revolution?
-Construction of the National Road (connected Maryland to Illinois)
-Building of canals, like the Erie Canal (which linked Western farms with Eastern manufacturing
-Steamboat
-Railroad (replaced canals for the main mode of trade)
What were the innovations in industrial technology during the Market Revolution?
-Eli Whitney’s interchangeable parts
-Birth of the factory section (the interchangeable parts caused this)
What were the innovations in agriculture during the Market Revolution?
-Cotton gin (could separate cotton seeds from cotton fibers quickly)
-Spinning machine (made raw cotton into yarn)
-Commercial farming arose (focused on cash crops like cotton and tobacco)
Who were major players in the Market Revolution?
-Migration from economic opportunity (Irish [from Potato Famine] and German immigrants came to America)
-Northern industry expanded a lot^
-Nativists thus arose in response to immigration^^
What were the effects of the Market Revolution on society and culture?
-Rise of the middle class (skilled workers, like doctors and lawyers)
-With the middle class came ideas on education and temperance
-Rise of leisure time
How did the Market Revolution affect women?
The cult of domesticity
What is the cult of domesticity?
A woman’s identity and purpose is to have babies, raise them, and provide a home that a haven of rest for her husband;
This worked in the middle class, not in the lower classes where women would also partake in work
What caused the expansion of participatory democracy?
-By 1825, most states decreased or eliminated property qualifications to vote
What was the Panic of 1819?
Wherein the national bank had tightened up their lending prices but it also caused many state banks to close;
A decrease in demand for exported American goods
In this time, what was franchise connected to?
Property;
Men with little to no property could not vote
What two factions (not parties!) were the Democratic Republicans being divided into?
Democrats and National Republicans
What did the National Republicans stand for?
-Expansive view of federal power
-Loose interpretation
What was corrupt bargain?
Henry Clay threw his electoral votes to Adams so that he could be president
By the 1820s to 1830s, the Democratic Republicans broke up into two proper political parties. What were they?
Democrats and the Whigs (like the Federalists)
What were the Democrats and the Whigs arguing about?
The role of federal power with respect to tariffs, the national bank, and internal improvements
What are protective tariffs?
Meant to protect U.S. manufacturers;
Raises prices on forein made goods so Americans are more likely to buy domestically made products
What was the effect of the Tariff of 1828?
It caused Southerners who relied more heavily on imported goods to suffer
When did Andrew Jackson become president?
1828
What was the Doctrine of Nullification (by Calhoun)?
Similar to the Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions
What was the Force Bill?
Gave Jackson authority to respond to South Carolina’s insolence with military action
Why didn’t Jackson like or recharter the national bank?
He believed it was unconstitutional and that it served to prop up the wealthy and harm the poor
What was the policy of Indian Removal enacted by Jackson?
Mandated that all natives be relocated west of the Mississippi River in the Oklahome Territory
What was Worcester v. Georgia?
In which the Cherokees claimed that their removal was unconstitutional
What the Supreme Court tule in Worcestor v. Georgia?
That Georgie had no right to impose state laws within Cherokee boundaries bcs those lands had federal protection
What was the Treaty of New Echota?
Exchanged Cherokee lands in the east for reservation territory west of the Mississippi
What was Romanticism?
Replaced Enlightenment;
Gave rise to the Second Great Awakening and social reform
What is Romanticism itself?
Emphasized warmth of emotion and desire;
Also included the belief of human perfectibility
How did Romanticism impact architecture?
Architecture goes from Georgian style (restrained and symmetrical) to Neo classical
How did Romanticism impact literature?
-Sir Walter Scott’s novels about heroic characters and classical historical settings were highly received
-Noah Webster published his dictionary, which standardized spelling and pronounciation of American English
How did Romanticism impact art?
-The Hudson River School, which portrayed pristine and untouched land of the American continent and hints of civilization coming to apoil it
What unique American philosophy movement arose during this time?
Transcendentalism
Who were two noteworthy transcendentalists of this time period?
Emerson (Self-Reliance) and Thoreau (Walden)
Under the context of Romanticism came utopian experiments and their attempts at utopian societies. What are some examples?
-Shakers (Christian group in Kentucky who died out because of lack of repopulation)
-Oneida Community (believed in perfect equality)
What were the causes of the Second Great Awakening?
-Camp meetings, in which multiple preachers spoke with great emotion day in and day out
-Through the Market Revolution, individuals learned that economic success or failure was in their own hands (same with the Second Great Awakening but in terms of salvation)
-Rising tide of democratic and individualistic beliefs
-Rejection of rationalist for Romanticism
Who was Charles Grandison Finney?
One of the preachers of the Second Great Awakening;
Preached with great emotion and plain language (they were audience-centered)
What were the four reform movements of this period?
-Religious reform
-Temperance
-Abolitionism
-Women’s rights
What movement sought to reform Christianity?
The Mormons;
Their ideas of polygamy weren’t well received in Illinois so they had to travel to Utah
What was the temperance movement?
Movement to cure social ills by abandoning alcohol
What was the abolitionist movement?
Movement to bring an end to slavery;
It was a spectrum of those who wanted a gradual end and those who wanted an immediate end
What helped the abolitionist movement religiously?
With the Second Great Awakening, slavery was perceived as a sin
Who created the American Anti-Slavery Society and The Liberator (the journal)?
Garrison
What did Frederick Douglass do?
Published an autobiography, wherein he stated that dehumanization occurred not only in the enslaved but in the slave holder
What came from the Seneca Falls Convention of 1848?
The Declaration of Sentiments and Resolutions (modeled after the Declaration of Independence);
Lists their grievance as perceived second-class citizens
What was Nat Turner’s Rebellion (1831)?
Organized slave revolt led by Nay Turner;
Killed white plantation owners
When did Britain emancipate its slaves?
1834
What was the idea of white supremacy?
Advocated for the superiority of whites
