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Psych 315 > Unit 8 > Flashcards

Unit 8 Flashcards

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1
Q

What purposes does family serve?

A
  • reproduction (build society, continue pop)
  • promoting survival (care for others, keep young alive)
  • support (emotional, financial)
  • socialization

-crucial, essential aspect of child development

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2
Q

What is socialization?

A
  • the process through which children acquire values, standards, knowledge, and behaviours seen as appropriate for their role in their culture
  • are socialized a lot in fams
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3
Q

Describe the family systems approach

A
  • parent relations, sibling relations, parent 1 relations w/ child, parent 2 relations w/ child
  • all interact & influence each other - hard to disentangle
  • bidirectional
  • diff fams can look diff (ex. only 1 parent)
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4
Q

What are some examples of how parenting can impact development long term?

A
  • involvement of fathers @ age 7 & 11 predicts grades at 16, criminal records at 21
  • mother & teen relationship predicts adjustment @ age 25
  • mother & teen closeness at age 16 predicts marital satisfaction at age 32
  • can be causal -benefits: reduce behavioural problems & delinquency
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5
Q

Is parenting important?

A
  • YES -parents matter
  • can impact development long term
  • can be causal
  • but not the only influence (genetic disposition, peers, school, media, etc.)
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6
Q

What are the categories that can define parenting styles?

A
  1. warmth/support/acceptance/responsiveness

2. control/demandingness

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7
Q

How do parents control? 2 types

A

behavioural control - control actions through rules, regulations (ex. curfew, dinner table etiquette)

  • psychological control - managing emotions (ex. shame, guilt)
  • *can use both
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8
Q

What are the 4 parenting styles?

A
  • permissive
  • uninvolved
  • authoritative
  • authoritarian
  • ^ not fixed - can change over time
  • kids can trigger certain styles
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9
Q

What is the permissive parent?

A
  • supportive & warm
  • no rules/low control
  • indulgent
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10
Q

What is the uninvolved parent?

A
  • low support & warmth
  • low control
  • neglectful
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11
Q

What is the authoritative parent?

A
  • supportive & warm

- rules & regulations - control

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12
Q

What is the authoritarian parent?

A
  • low support/warmth

- rules/control

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13
Q

Which is the “optimal” parenting style?

A

Authoritative

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14
Q

Who typically parents authoritarian?

A

-non-white

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15
Q

Who typically parents authoritative?

A

-white

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16
Q

How do parents discipline?

A
  • reinforcement & punishment (physical linked w/ negative outcomes - no learning too)
  • power assertion (less than ideal outcomes)
  • inductive discipline (more than ideal outcomes - provide explanation) – other oriented (how would sarah feel if…) –self oriented (how would you feel if…)
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17
Q

How are mothers more like to parent? What does it depend on?

A
  • authoritative
  • spend time w/ child
  • engage in caretaking activities
  • depends on culture (what is expected of mothers)
  • what matters is the quality
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18
Q

How are fathers more likely to parent? What does it depend on?

A
  • authoritarian or permissive
  • engage in physical play
  • depends on culture (what is expected of fathers)
  • what matters is the quality
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19
Q

What does conflict btw parents relate to?

A
  • poorer outcomes
  • ex. greater ricks of depression, lower grades
  • psychological 7 cognitive
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20
Q

which has more of an affect on kids – conflict or quality of parenting?

A
  • quality of parenting is more important

- can still be a good parent even if fighting with partner

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21
Q

How are the kids if – good parenting but poor marriage?

A

-kids are successful

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22
Q

How are the kids if – poor parenting but good marriage?

A
  • kids struggle

- not as much as risky (poor parenting & poor marriage)

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23
Q

What is divorce associated w/ for kids?

A

-2x more likely to drop out of high school
-more likely to have academic, behavioural, & psychological problems
(likelihood)
-b/c conflict, stress, economic & social difficulties, absence of parent, relocation, etc.

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24
Q

If parents don’t fight but get divorced how is kiddo doing psychologically? happiness?

A
  • kids struggle psychologically

- not super happy

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25
Q

If parents fight a lot & divorce how is kiddo doing psychologically? Happiness?

A
  • kids are doing better psychologically

- doing better in happiness

26
Q

If parents fight a lot but no divorce how is kiddo doing psychologically? Happiness?

A

-kids are struggling psychologically

-

27
Q

Who is happier?
A - Bill who’s mom & dad fight but aren’t divorced
B - Sal who’s parents don’t fight but are divorced
C - Delilah who’s parents fight a lot but are divorced

A

-C

28
Q

Does divorce impact kids?

A
  • how & in what situations does divorce have positive & negative effects
  • process
  • pre -short term & long term effects
29
Q

In what ways are kids from same sex parent households disadvantaged? Caveat?

A
  • trick question! they’re not -not disadvantaged/no negative outcomes
  • no differences in adjustment, personality, achievement, sexual orientation, school outcomes
  • report feeling different but feel positively about their fams
  • caveat: small, non-representative samples)
30
Q

What is the most important aspect when it comes to parenting?

A
  • the QUALITY of parenting

- (regardless of gender, sexuality, fighting)

31
Q

What % of ppl have a sibling?

A

80%

32
Q

If kids have a good relationship w/ their parents? What is the relationship w/ their siblings more likely to be?

A
  • good as well

- family system is correlated

33
Q

What makes a relationship w/ siblings different/a distinct social relationship?

A
  • not like peers or parents
  • neither vertical or horizontal power structures
  • warmth/support & conflict
  • equal but also can have more power
  • non-voluntary
34
Q

How does gender/sex affect sibling relationship patterns?

A
  • same sex dyads - brother & brother, sister & sister - close until later adolescence then drops
  • different sex dyads -brother & sister - drops in early adolescence then increases in later adolescence
35
Q

How does conflict change over time w/ siblings?

A
  • youngest - lots of conflict then less as get older

- older siblings - conflict for slightly longer

36
Q

Siblings - what is the caregiver relationship?

A

one sibling (often older sister) serves as a quasi-parent for other

37
Q

What is the buddy sibling relationship?

A

both siblings like each other & try to be like each other

38
Q

What is the casual/uninvolved sibling relationship?

A

siblings have little to do w/ eachother

39
Q

What is the critical/conflictual/rival sibling relationship?

A

one sibling tries to dominates the other; teasing, fighting

40
Q

What are sibling relationships impacted by?

A
  • quality of parenting
  • temperament
  • personality
  • gender
  • age
41
Q

Max always wears a ball cap if his brother wears one. Which relationship?

A

-buddy

42
Q

Molly often plays with her younger sister & feeds her lunch when her mom can’t. Which relationship?

A

caregiver

43
Q

Freya often hits her sister when she tries to use her crayons and makes fun of her big head. Which relationship?

A

rival

44
Q

What are some functions of having a sibling?

A
  • practice communication & social skills
  • buffer for peer rejection, parental conflict, stress
  • try out new behaviors
  • learn about another gender
  • promote individuality
  • conflict can be destructive or constructive
45
Q

What did Galton say about birth order?

A
  • first-born sons & only sons ere over-represented among scientists
  • birth order differences -diff home enviros/treatments –> diff personality traits/outcomes
46
Q

What do they say about birth order currently?

A
  • findings are mixed
  • other factors
  • confounded w/ family size (and also, with that, income, education, culture/ethnicity)
47
Q

Do most kids grow up with grandparents?

A
  • no
  • only 7% -common for indigenous or immigrant families
  • w/in most are couple parents and a grandparent
48
Q

What are grandparents useful for (lol)?

A
  • survival (africa - more likely to live longer w/ grandparent)
  • well-being
  • closeness = less depressive symptoms -buffer -especially for single-parent family
49
Q 
Who will have a the most buffer against depressive symptoms? 
1. kid with intact family & grandparents
2. step-parent family & grandparents
3. kid with one parent, one grandparent
4. kid with parents, and uninvolved grandparents
A - 1, then 3, then 2
B - 4 then 3
C - 3, then 1, then 2
D - 2 then 1
A

C

50
Q

What are the categories of grandparenting? Which role do more grandparents have?

A
  • (influential, supportive, passive, authority-oriented, detached)
  • detached
51
Q

Which role for grandparents is ideal?

A

influential

52
Q

What is family systems model/approach surrounded by?

A
  • like bronfenbrenner’s bioecological model
  • differ layer/level = childcare, neighbourhood, culture, social support, income, parents’ work, school, etc.
  • system doesn’t exist in isolation
53
Q

How does low SES effect children?

A
  • 17% grow up in low income households
  • increased stress, less time w/ parents, less resources, more conflict
  • low ses is a risk factor for children’s physical, emotional, academic development
54
Q

How does high SES effect children?

A
  • risk for
  • higher levels of alcohol/drug use
  • higher levels of anxiety & depression
  • stressed, perfectionism
  • but not the same kind of risks as low SES, & have the resources to help
55
Q

What do cultures have in similarity when it comes to having kids?

A
  • protect
  • nurture
  • help kids become competent members of society
  • use warmth & control…
56
Q

What do cultures do differently when it comes to kids?

A
  • different levels of warmth & control
  • how warmth & control are expressed
  • reflect values & beliefs of cultural context
57
Q

How do Chinese parents parent? outcomes?

A
  • less warm (withhold praise, lead to self-satisfied children)
  • more controlling (deeply involved parents, respect for fam/authority)
  • say control out of love -language
  • mixed findings on outcomes (some recent show neg effects of high control)
58
Q

Why might there be mixed findings on chinese parenting?

A

possibilities:

  • differences across ages
  • across regions
  • across type of control
  • changes over time
  • sample? how do you define? how do you measure? Change overtime?
59
Q

How do LatinX parents parent? Findings on outcomes?

A
  • high warmth & high ‘hostile’ control
  • familismo (desire for family ties/support)
  • respecto (fulfill obligations, maintain harmonious relationships)
  • mixed findings (some find positive outcomes of warmth & hostile control)
60
Q

How does culture impact parenting?

A
  • parenting is culturally situated
  • what is valued
  • relationship & outcomes may differ
  • within cultures, a lot of variability
  • normativeness –> not all parents w/in culture think the same
  • congruent w/ normative then adaptive for children possibly
61
Q

What about culture & extended families?

A
  • black families are more likely to have larger extended family
  • beneficial - help w/ child-rearing, reduce costs, transmission of culture
62
Q

Can parents be causal?

A

yes

Psych 315 (11 decks)

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