Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Psych 315 > Unit 10 > Flashcards

Unit 10 Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Psychology 101 flashcards GRE® Psychology flashcards
1
Q

What is sex assigned at birth?

A

-based on objectively measurable/observable biological organs, hormones, chromosomes (male, female, intersex, etc.)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is gender/gender identity?

A

a person’s sense of self as gendered (male, female, genderqueer, non-binary, etc.)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is gender expression?

A

how a person demonstrates their gender (feminine, masculine, etc.)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is sexual orientation?

A

who a person is physically/emotionally attracted to

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Is gender binary?

A

no it’s a spectrum

  • society & research often see it as binary
  • but intersex exists as well etc.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is gender role?

A

-societal expectations of gendered behaviour/thought/traits

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Does gender/gender identity impact children?

A

yes

  • through society -behaviours change -differences etc.
  • elaborate more?
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What do infants/toddlers understand about gender?

A
  • 3-4months can discriminate btw male & female -but focus on superficial cues -external features
  • 2yrs -look longer at gender-inconsistent pictures -ex. the boy putting on lipstick
  • have early understanding of gender roles/stereotypes/expectations
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What do kids understand about gender in early childhood?

A
  • 2-2.5yrs - label themselves & others -gets more consistent over time
  • awareness of gender stereotypes
  • difficulty w/ gender constancy
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is gender constancy?

A

understanding that gender is permanent and immutable

-ex. younger kids when the purse moves from girl doll to boy doll say he becomes a girl - but then older say he doesn’t

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What do children understand about gender in middle childhood?

A
  • achieve gender constancy - start to understand gender as socially influenced (vs. earlier is essential)
  • ex. girl grows up on island w/ only boys - how will she act? -4/5/6 said act like girl -but by 9 say like boy
  • 4+ say she’ll have girl parts
  • gender stereotypes as internal as well -increased flexibility (age 7-9)
  • more extensive knowledge of gender stereotypes
  • peak of rigid application of stereotypes (5-7 yrs old) -then increased flexibility
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What do adolescents understand about gender?

A
  • gender-role flexibility -transcend traditions (thinking transcends?)
  • gender-role intensification - heightened concern about adhering to traditional gender roles
  • ^being pulled in two different directions
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are the physical differences/markers of sex?

A
  • chromosomes -XX vs XY
  • begin at conception
  • at 1.5montsh gestation, physiological differences emerge
  • 2.5-3months gestation, external genitals emerge
  • many steps & variation @ 1.5mo
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are the physical differences of gender in infancy & childhood?

A
  • trick question!
  • there are few physical differences
  • (just genitalia)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are the physical differences in puberty?

A
  • puberty -capable of sexual reproduction -primary (hormones) & secondary (breasts, hair, genitals, etc.) sex characteristics
  • earliest 7, latest 13
  • physical growth height & weight -specifically for boys
  • menstruation
  • sex-linked differences -boys greater physical strength & speed
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are the cognitive differences between genders?

A
  • IQ tests
  • girls do slightly better at verbal tasks
  • boys slightly better at spatial tasks
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are the academic differences w/ genders?

A

-girls lightly better grades/school performance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What are the gender differences w/ beliefs/interests on their academic performance/IQ?

A
  • how they think about their competence
  • grade 1 boys think they’re better than girls
  • by grade 12 gender differences decreases
  • for english/arts - initially no differences but by grade 12 girls think they’re better than boys -differences become larger
  • larger differences in beliefs than actual differences
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What are the differences in play between genders?

A
  • style of play (boys = physical, competitive - girls = cooperative)
  • toys (girls = dolls, kitchen, dress up - boys = action figures, construction, vid games)
  • fantasy play -(boys = heroes, combat - girls = household roles, romance)
  • size of play group -(girls = pairs, threesomes, boys = larger groups)
20
Q

What are the interpersonal relationship differences btw genders?

A
  • goals (boys = power, dominance, control) (girls = intimacy, support, emotional support, disclose)
  • aggression -(boys = direct, towards someone else) (girls = slightly more likely indirect - relations (targeted towards friends to make them not like you))
21
Q

Aggression & boys & culture?

A

-across different cultures - consistent result that boys engage in more physical aggression

22
Q

What might be the origins of sex/gender differences in childhood/adolescence?

A
  • biological influences
  • cognitive/motivational influences
  • social/cultural influences
23
Q

What are the biological influences on gender - theory?

A
  • evolutionary psychology theory
  • focus on humans evolving over time
  • adaptive traits
  • survival
  • ex. maternal care - infant survival - girls more likely to play in collaborative/caring fashion
24
Q

What are neuroscience-based theories for biological influences?

A
  • hormonal role
  • androgen & estrogen -lead to gender differences
  • congenital adrenal hyperplasia - genetic females w/ androgen -can form partial male genitalia & are more likely to show traditionally male behaviour
25
Q

What are the 2 different influences of neuroscience-based theories?

A
  • organizational influences: hormones influence the development of characteristics -(signal to testies or not -prenatal)
  • activational influences: changes in hormone levels stimulate changes in neural activation/behaviour -(puberty)
26
Q

What are the brain structure differences btw genders?

A

-slightly larger corpus callosum for women

27
Q

What is (Lawrence) Kohlberg’s Cognitive Development theory - general info?

A
  • studied under Piaget
  • children actively construct
  • little scientists
  • actively construct idea of gender
  • stage-like
28
Q

What is Stage 1 in KCD theory?

A
  • Gender identity
  • age 2-2.5years
  • can recognize gender in themselves & others -but it’s superficial/appearace
29
Q

What is Stage 2 in KCD theory?

A
  • Gender stability
  • ages 3-4 years
  • gender is stable across time -just stay the same btw baby & adult
  • time
30
Q

What is Stage 3 in KCD theory?

A
  • gender constancy
  • ages 5-7 years
  • consistent across situations & contexts
  • ex. giving a man a purse doesn’t make him a woman
  • situational/contextual
  • (similar age to pass conservation tasks)
31
Q

What are cognitive influences in Kohlberg’ Cognitive Development theory?

A
  • achieving gender constancy - seek out gender models, stricter adherence to gender roles
  • once you do -understand it’s internal - want to find ppl of the same gender (in middle childhood) -play w/ same gendered peers
    ex. when watching a model - will watch longer/pay more attention if they have achieved gender constancy -
32
Q

What is gender schema theory?

A

-mental representations -way of organizing the world -mental representations of gender -want to adhere to world according to those schemas

33
Q

How do gender schemas affect memory?

A
  • more likely to remember info when it’s in line with preexisting schemas
  • ex. both boys & girls will remember a girl who plays with dolls more than a girl who is a firefighter. And a boy who is a firefighter more than a boy who plays with dolls
34
Q

How does Social Cognitive Theory relate to gender?

A
  • enactment of gender - multiple sources
  • influence = observational learning (indirect reinforcement - ex. mom gets compliment on makeup)
  • enactive experience (direct reinforcement - do things based on past reinforcement -ex. praise for doing dishes -will keep doing behaviour
  • tuition - direct teaching - say boys don’t do this, girls do this etc.
35
Q

How does Social Identity Theory relate to gender?

A
  • ERI, sexual identity, occupation, religious, etc.
  • says gender is most important -leads to many things
  • ingroup bias: rate peers higher who have same gender
  • ingroup assimilation: socialized to confirm ingroup norms
  • social status: hierarchy of groups -ex. higher status is given to boys - pressure to adhere - girls aren’t status so don’t have to adhere, ex. tomboys
36
Q

How does the bioecological model relate to gender?

A
  • gender comes from many diff social & cultural factors - diff contexts & levels
  • parental expectations & behaviours, peers, teachers, opportunities available, media representations
37
Q

What are the three main factors for gender development?

A
  • biological influences (chromosomes, hormones, etc.)
  • socialization (family, peers, teachers, media, etc)
  • cognitions (gender identity, gender understanding, self-socialization)
38
Q

What is gender identity?

A

sense of self as gendered; internal/psychological experience

39
Q

What are examples of gender identity?

A
  • transgender: in which gender identity/expression differs from assigned sex/gender (umbrella term)
  • non-binary: in which an individual does not identify w/ the binary of male or female
  • genderqueer: in which an individual rejects categorization of gender
  • cisgender: in which gender identity matches assigned sex/gender
40
Q

How does studying transgender children help teach us about cisgender children as well?

A
  • studying cisgender can’t isolate which influence affects gender development the most -biological, socialization & self-socialization, or cognitions
  • but when studying transgender can compare biology & socialization to cognition to see which is most impactful -can isolate -shows self-socialization & how you think about your gender are really important
41
Q

Summarize Olson

A
  • 2015 -examined gender identity & gender preference in transgender & cisgender children
  • 5-11 yrs old - 32 of them -prepubescent -socially transitioned
  • did explicit (self-reports - are you internally/externally the same or different etc.) and implicit (IAT) - nias? = male & female w/ good & bad -then identity = me vs. them - male & female
  • preference - good objects & bad w/ female or male
  • cisgender control & transgender were the same -for identity & preference
  • deeply held identity
  • limitations: might be diff if not living in all contexts as expressed gender
42
Q

Is there a difference in how transgender children think about gender? stability

A
  • ask if when a baby they were same gender as now - they said no -then if will be the same as now in the future - said yes -shows age 3-5 understand stability - same as control
  • talk about other ppl - same is true
43
Q

Is there a difference in how transgender children think about gender? constancy

A
  • gender constancy - 5-7 yr olds - man w/ purse -3-5yr olds don’t get it (control & trans) - but then trans do a bit better -trans & siblings marginally more likely to say gender is stable across contexts
  • more fluid understanding of gender
44
Q

In what ways are trans children not different from cis?

A
  • gender identity
  • gender preference
  • gender-typed behaviour
  • (shows it’s about cognition more than biology or early socialization)
45
Q

What is trans mental health like?

A
  • greater risk for depression & anxiety in high school
  • less in 3-12 year olds -socially transitioned ^ maybe is helpful intervention -have better mental health
  • but ability to do so relates to higher income & supportive family - so less ppl may be able to -& was smaller sample & younger

Psych 315 (11 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions