Unit 11 Flashcards
What is moral understanding/development?
How do children come to understand right and wrong?
What is Piaget’s theory of moral development?
- stage 1) Premoral reasoning
- Stage 2) Heteronomous Morality
- transition…
- Stage 3) Autonomous Morality (morality of cooperation)
When is a child in the premoral reasoning stage?
-less than 4 years
When is a child in the Heteronomous Morality stage?
-4-7 years old
How old is a child at the autonomous morality stage?
-greater than 11/12
What is stage 1 of Piaget’s moral theory?
- Premoral Reasoning
- less than 4 years
- not thinking about right from wrong
What is stage 3 of Piaget’s Moral Theory?
Autonomous Morality (morality of cooperation) -rules as social agreement -sensitive to fairness & equality -focus on motives and intentions -moral relativism
What is stage 3 of Piaget’s Moral Theory?
Autonomous Morality (morality of cooperation) -rules as social agreement -sensitive to fairness & equality -focus on motives and intentions -moral relativism -(formal operations underlie)
What is moral relativism? What stage?
- rules & beliefs are established by society
- and are shaped by ppl and situations
- stage 3 -autonomous morality
How does time w/ peers relate to morality?
- increases over time as cognitive development increase
- can learn from each other what is right & wrong
- social agreement
What is the support/legacy for Piaget’s moral theory?
- moral reasoning correlated w/ performance on tests of cognitive development
- children do increasingly consider intentions & motives
- get better as we get older
What are the challenges/legacy of Piaget’s moral theory?
- underestimates children/development (younger than 4 do think about morality, young kids do think about intentions)
- little evidence for the role of peers
A 3 year old boy takes a bite from his friends apple. His friend (4 years old) then whacks his arm. According to Piaget what would this boy think about morality? According to not piaget?
Paiget =- says premoral - won’t think about morality
- his friend didn’t like the outcome of having less apple but didn’t think much about his friend’s intentions
- according to not piaget - little evidence for role of peers -and both children could have been thinking about morality
A child accidentally takes his brothers backpack instead of his own and slips on the way to school. He thinks this happened because he took the backpack - how old is he? What stage?
- 4-7 years old
- heteronomous morality
A child accidentally takes his brothers backpack on the way to school and slips on the walk. He’s 11 years old - what might he think? What stage?
- he is in the Autonomous Morality stage
- he will know it was an accident & his intentions were fine -thought the slip was coincidental
A 5yr boy adds a cookie to a jar and his mother gets mad at him and tells him that’s wrong. What will he do? Believe that’s right or wrong? Which stage?
- heteronomous stage
- will believe that it is wrong to add a cookie to a cookie jar
A 9 year old boy adds a cookie from a cookie jar and his mother get mad at him. Later at school he does the same thing and gets praised. What will he think? what stage?
- he is in a transition period
- may start to understand that morality is established by society (not just his mother) - moral relativism
- but may also follow mother because of her authority
What is Kohlberg’s Theory?
- posed moral dilemmas & focused on the ‘why’ of their answers
- Level 1 Preconventional Moral Reasoning (stage 1: punishment & obedience orientation, stage 2: instrumental & exchange orientation)
- Level 2 conventional Moral Reasoning (stage 3: mutual interpersonal expectations, relationships, and interpersonal conformity orientation, stage 4: social system & conscience orientation)
- Level 3 Postconventional Moral Reasoning (stage 5: social contract of individual rights orientation, stage 6: universal ethical principles)
Kohlberg - what is Level 1 & stages (just names)
Preconventional Moral Reasoning
- stage 1: Punishment & Obedience orientation
- stage 2: Intrumental & exchange orientation
Kohlberg - what is Level 2 & stages (just names)
Conventional Moral Reasoning
- stage 3: mutual interpersonal Expectations, Relationships, and Interpersonal Conformity Orientation
- stage 4: Social System & Conscience Orientation
Kohlberg - what is Level 3 & stages (just names)
Postconventional Moral Reasoning
- stage 5: Social contract of Individual Rights Orientation
- stage 6: Universal Ethical Principles
Kohlberg what is stage 1? Level?
Punishment & obedience orientation
- right = obeying authority, avoiding punishment
- (level 1 - preconventional moral reasoning)
Kohlberg what is stage 2? Level?
Instrumental & Exchange orientation
-right = what satisfies one’s own interest, occasionally others -what’s in it for you
-tit for tat - reciprocity - what will I get - own self-interest
(Level 1 Preconventional moral reasoning)
Kohlberg what is stage 3? Level?
Mutual interpersonal expectations, relationships, and interpersonal conformity orientation
-right = what is expected by ppl/society
-importance of being “good”
(level 2 conventional moral reasoning)
Kohlberg what is stage 4? Level?
Social System and Conscience Orientation
-right = doing one’s duty, adhering to authority, upholding social order
-law & order
(level 2 Conventional Moral Reasoning)
Kohlberg what is stage 5? Level?
Social Contract of Individual Rights Orientation
-right = uphold rules in the best interest of the group or those agreed upon by group
-universal values of life, liberty
-emphasis on law, but willignness to change w/ relational considerations
-voting, rights, fair compensation, life, liberty, freedom
(level 3 Postconventional moral reasoning)
Kohlberg what is stage 6? Level?
Universal Ethical Principles
- right = self-chosen ethical principles that reflect universal principles of justice
- civil disobedience
- ex. Ghandi, MLK
Kohlberg what is stage 6? Level?
Universal Ethical Principles
-right = self-chosen ethical principles that reflect universal principles of justice
-civil disobedience
-ex. Ghandi, MLK
(Level 3 Postconventional Moral Reasoning)
Difference btw stage 5 & 6?
-eventually combined
What ages w/ what stages? Universal?
- stage 2 = around 10 yrs old
- later adolescence = stage 3
- 30s = stage 4
- not everyone reaches stage 5
- lots of variability
- must go through 1 to reach the other
Kohlberg - What causes transitions?
-advances in cognition
What are the challenges/legacy of Kohlberg?
-strict sequence/order
-some ppl can skip steps or regress
-can use diff reasoning at diff time, situational factors
(-tend to use more advanced when it aligns w/ your goals - worse when tired)
-role of culture?
-role of gender?
Role of culture in Kohlberg?
similar sequences of stages across cultures -ex. higher stages for older ppl
- but differences in rate & end stages
- US & Taiwan move quicker
- rural don’t reach stage 5
- bias in how it’s assessed? -may not be valid for certain cultures to think abstractly
- ethics of autonomy, community, divinity
What is ethics of autonomy?
rights. equality, freedom
What is ethics of community?
-duty, status
What is ethics of divinity?
-purity, sanctity
What is the role of gender - kohlberg?
- original study had all males
- Carol Gilligan said women -principle of care -ex. porcupine would answer differently - more about care than justice
- but studies show similar moral reasoning across gender - comparable in how they reason -no differences
What is moral action?
How you behave
how & when do children act in morally “right” ways
-prosocial
-antisocial
What is the Dictator Game?
- you’re given $10 -do you choose to share it ($5) or keep it?
- keeping benefits you
- give it - not getting out of it
What does ‘altruistic’ mean?
- helping others not for external rewards or social approval
- not getting anything out of it
What is empathy?
taking on someone else’s emotional states
- matching emotional states
- you feel it too
What is sympathy?
-feel concern for another’s emotional state, don’t feel the actual emotion yourself
When does empathy start?
- infancy it seems
- babies cry when another baby cries
When does sympathy start?
- toddlerhood
- show concern when another kid is upset
- but a bit egocentric in their solutions
- ex. will bring their own mom to help another kid - like my mom makes me feel better, so they must make you feel better
What is conscience?
- internal mechanism
- standards to conform to
- what you’re supposed to do -what’s expected
In the Dictator’s Game what would make you more likely to share the $10?
- if they feel responsible for the well-being of the other person
- depends on your mood (more likely when in a good mood) (less likely when sad)
Is prosocial continuous?
- some nature aspect
- if share when younger more likely to share when older
- continuity across development
- individual differences consistent across time
Prosocial - nature?
- genetics - evolutionary - survival of the species
- benefits to be prosocial
- looked @ identical twins & they’re more similar in prosocial behaviour -so genetics play some role
Prosocial - nurture?
- environment - modeling/social learning
- parents providing rewards doesn’t always work (won’t do it if no reward)
- opportunities
- reasoning/induction is better -leads to altruism
Do traumatic events (ie earthquake) lead to more prosocial or less?
- 2008 China - pre & post levels -6 years & 9 year olds
- 6yr olds become more selfish (share less) then back to baseline
- 9 yr olds became more generous (share more) - then go back to baseline
- varies across time & age
Cultural differences in prosocial? (Rochat)
Rochat (2009) -dictator game -3 & 5yr olds - 5 year olds are not hoarding -sharing more than 3 yr olds
-less hoarding in china, peru, and fiji (even for 3 yr olds)
Cultural differences in prosocial? (Rao & Stewart)
- 1999
- less spontaneous sharing in US, China, & India - but a lot of elicited (being asked to share)
- in China also a lot of spontaneous sharing (not being asked)
- in India a lot of passive (just taking)
Prosocial - individualistic vs. collectivist?
- individualistic = value spontaneous kindness but don’t do it much
- collectivist = about duty -it’s expected that you share
What is antisocial behaviour?
- act in morally wrong ways
- negative
- ex. aggression
What are the 2 kinds of aggression?
- instrumental aggression
- reactive aggression
What are the 3 domains of aggression? (which cause the 2 kinds to occur)
- physical aggression
- verbal aggression
- social/relational aggression
- (all meant to harm)
What is instrumental aggression?
motivated by a desire to obtain a goal
-ex. hit someone to get their toy
What is reactive aggression?
- in response to another’s behaviours
- ex. hit someone because they hit you
What is physical aggression?
intent to physically harm
What is verbal aggression?
threats, name-calling, yelling
What is social/relational aggression?
directed towards damaging reputations and/or relationships
- gossiping
- spreading rumours
When is aggression common?
-childhood and adolescence
What is aggression like for toddlers/early childhood?
-high physical aggression -then decreases over time
maybe because language gets better & better at perspective taking
What is aggression like for middle childhood/adolescence?
- increase in social/relational aggression
- particularly for girls
What are the trajectories of antisocial behaviour?
- if low will stay low -if high will stay high (might go down very slightly)
- if moderate - goes down a lot
- isn’t stable across time - lots of variability
what does aggression at 8 years old correlate with later? Girls?Boys?
- criminal records/convictions at age 38
- high aggression in childhood correlates w/ aggression in adulthood for both boys & girls
What influences antisocial behaviour?
- biology (genetics, neurological deficits)
- parenting (harsh, punitive, low monitoring, high conflict - kids mimic)
- peers (time spent w/ other antisocial kids increase own behaviour - delinquency training)
- patterns of thinking (hostile attribution bias -think about social info differently -will assume aggressive)
- socialization & biology affect how you think which leads to your behaviours
