Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Psych 315 > Unit 7 > Flashcards

Unit 7 Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Psychology 101 flashcards GRE® Psychology flashcards
1
Q

Is the self social or cognitive?

A
  • both
  • cognitive = mental representations, distinct from others
  • social = interactions/experiences w/ others
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is self-concept?

A
  • attributes. attitudes, definitions, characteristics of ourselves
  • descriptions of self
  • reflections of consciousness of selfhood
  • develops primarily through interactions w/ ppl in enviro
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is the self made up of?

A

-self esteem, self concept, identity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What does self-concept in infancy look life?

A
  • more self awareness than concept -physical self/body
  • implicit awareness - separate entity, active, different from parents, can make ppl respond
  • 1 1/2 - 2 yrs - more explicit self concept - 18 months -pass rouge test
  • 2yrs recognize self in pictures
  • & use categories to define themselves (gender, age) -use ‘me’ & own name
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is the rouge test?

A
  • put lipstick on their face - if wipe the mirror - under 18 months
  • if wipe face = older than 18months
  • understand sense of self
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What does self concept look like in early childhood? (age 3-6)

A
  • can describe self
  • concrete observable features
  • unrealistically positive
  • over estimate own’s abilities
  • (piaget’s egocentrism)
  • related to physical attributes, physical activities & abilities, personal preferences, possession, & psychological traits
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

I have a dog, a cat and 2 hamsters. I can colour really well and paint really well. My room has dinosaurs in it. I always win at
miniature golf.

A

Age 3

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What does self concept look like in middle childhood? (age 6/7/8/9)

A
  • start to refer to global characteristics (ex. creative)
  • more realistic & balanced (what you actually can & can’t do)
  • ideal self & actual self
  • social comparisons (evaluate self based on how others see you)
  • less egocentrism
  • not internal
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

I’m good at art; I’m creative. Most of the other girls say that I’m nice. I have two girls who are really good friends. I’m not very good at sports.

A

Age 9

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What does self concept look like in adolescence?

A

(8-11) -higher order concepts - coordinate opposing self-representations -person overall -more on how other ppl evaluate them
(11-13) -nuanced - complicated
-overarching self across contexts
-more abstract & internal (not observable traits)
-think about future

(11-13)

  • false self behaviour
  • personal fable
  • imaginary audience
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is false self behaviour?

A

intentionally presents a false impression to others

-(mainly w/ romantic partners & parents, not friends)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is personal fable?

A

belief that one’s own experience is unique and novel

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is imaginary audience?

A

the belief that everyone else is focused on you -looking at you, noticing you

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What influences self concept?

A
  • cognitive development
  • parents (warmth & support = more positive self worth, family narratives)
  • peers (social comparison, what ppl tell us about ourselves)
  • culture (nurture)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are family narratives?

A

How parents talk about the child -share memories - helps construct themselves -positive = accentuate self concept
-enduring

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are parental warmth & support correlated with?

A

-more positive self worth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is self concept like in individualistic cultures?

A

-describe/focus more on internal traits/aspects
-private -categories (ex. i’m in second grade)
-more abstract (ex. creative)
-family narratives = individual (you did xyz)
*

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is self concept like in collective cultures?

A
  • describe/focus more on relational aspects, situational characteristics
  • public -relationships
  • more specific (ex. 2 yrs ago I broke my leg riding my bike)
  • family narratives = relational (we, you & I)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

I’m pretty complicated, actually. Most people don’t understand
me, especially my parents! I’m sensitive, moody, affectionate, and
sometimes self-conscious.

A

Age 17

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Summarize Umana-Taylor? (Identity Project)

A
  • small-scale (8 classrooms of 15yr olds) -USA -randomized experimental trial about Ethnic Racial Identity -Identity Project (mental health, general youth) - surveys - 1 wk before, 12 wks after, 18 wks after
  • seems program is effective
  • important to minorities (better adjustment)
  • minority predicted whether explored & resolution
  • white youth reported lower levels of exploration & resolution than ethnic-racial minorities
  • exploration @ T2 predicted resolution
  • causal
  • (Erikson - Identity vs. Role Confusion)
  • limitations: sample size, researcher effects, selection bias, not generalizable/diverse enough
  • 1 yr later = self-esteem went up, depressive symptoms went down, grades went up
  • explore own ER, peers, and issues
  • same/diff outcomes for maj vs. minority youth?
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q 
Who is most likely to have the most resolution after the ERI intervention?
A -a white (majority) who explored
B-a white (minority) who explored-
C-a black (minority) who explored
D- a black (majority) who didn't explore
A

C

  • white youth reported lower levels of exploration & resolution than ethnic-racial minorities
  • not sure if more efficacious for ethnic-racial minority vs. majority
  • reread section
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is self esteem?

A

-evaluations of ourselves
-diff domains
-how you think about yourself generally
-differentiates throughout development
-overall subjective evaluations of worth & feelings
(doesn’t emerge until age 8 **)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is the trajectory of self esteem?

A
  • starts high, declines through childhood -declines early adolescence
  • for many increases during later adolescence
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What are the gender differences w/ self esteem?

A
  • women - stable across time
  • men have higher self esteem in every culture
  • in 3rd grade women steep drop in thinking they’re physically attractive -men drop at 6-7th grade
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What influences self esteem?

A
  • gender
  • approval of others
  • societal standard (physical attractiveness, media)
  • culture (diff meanings of self esteem) (diff responses to praise) (individual = own, internal accomplishments) (collective = group, relational accomplishments -sometimes lower score cuz value modesty)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What is the best predictor of overall self esteem?

A

-perceived physical attractiveness

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What are the outcomes of higher self esteem?

A

-better in school
-better well-being
(low = emotional & behavioural problems)

28
Q

What was the Self-Esteem Movement?

A
  • 1980s
  • programs designed to boost self-esteem to boost academic performance
  • effective in boosting self esteem
  • not effective in boosting grades
  • b/c correlation -not causation
29
Q

What is identity?

A
  • a theory of oneself
  • understanding & coming to terms w/ who you are & how you are seen by society
  • degree of feeling secure who they are
  • multiple - sexual, gender, ethnic, religious, occupational, political
30
Q

What theorist does identity relate to?

A

Erikson

  • identity vs. role confusion
  • resolve conflict when feel at home within your body & your commitments
31
Q

What is psychosocial moratorium?

A

time in which individuals are free from excessive obligations and can experiment w/ diff roles -not a lot of external commitment
-(is a luxury)

32
Q

Marie is happy with who she is & thinks other ppl like to hang out with her b/c she’s nice.
Is this self concept, self esteem or identity?

A

Self esteem

33
Q

Barbara describes herself as happy go lucky but with a sensitive side & says she’s a skilled gymnast who is aiming to go to the olympics.
Is this self concept, self esteem or identity?

A

Self concept

34
Q

Marko is an actor who looks up to Ryan Reynolds. He’s a practicing muslim who values family time. He’s bisexual & is a liberal who has protested for womens rights and gay marriage.
Is this self concept, self esteem, or identity?

A

Identity

35
Q

Marko is an actor who looks up to Ryan Reynolds. He’s a practicing muslim who values family time. He’s bisexual & is a fan of the arts and knows that ppl label him as liberal.
Is this self concept, self esteem, or identity?

A

Identity

36
Q

Is identity a crisis?

A

according to erikson, yes

-current - no, more of a process of who you are, an exploration -doesn’t need to be resolved

37
Q

According to James Marcia what do you need to achieve an identity?

A
  • exploration

- commitment

38
Q

What is Marcia’s moratorium?

A

-exploring but haven’t committed

=anxiety, conflict w/ authority

39
Q

What is Marcia’s foreclosure?

A

-haven’t explored but have already committed

=prejudice, need for social approval, low autonomy

40
Q

What is Marcia’s identity diffusion?

A

-
-haven’t thought about identity - haven’t explored or committed
= psych & behavioural problems

41
Q

What is Marcia’s identity achievement?

A

-explored & committed

=intimacy, agency, maturity

42
Q

Sally is at university. One week she tries skateboarding. The next she’s joined a choir. She’s been with a woman, she’s been with a man. Recently she’s been fighting w/ her parents & feeling worried about her grades. What status is she in?

A

-moratorium

43
Q

Clarisse was told by her parents that she was a Christian. She has been devout ever since. She dislikes agnostics, often stays at home and worries a lot about how her friends see her. What status is she in?

A

-foreclosure

44
Q

Dan has been travelling a round the world, studying a broad. He knows he loves to cook and wants to be a chef. Him and his long time girlfriend are taking another trip together. When they fight, they’re able to sit down and properly communicate & make up. What status?

A

-identity achievement

45
Q

Parseet is still young & doesn’t know how to spend her free time. She wants a hobby but doesn’t have the time. Sometimes she wants to be a ballerina, other times, a doctor. What status?

A

Identity diffusion

46
Q

Does everyone have an ERI? Minority? Majority?

A

yes everyone

47
Q

Which is internal & external (ish) - self concept, self esteem, identity? Which does a newborn baby have?

A 
internal = self concept & self esteem
-external = identity

-identity

48
Q

What are the stages of process for ERI?

A

-unexamined ERI (children) -then experience/comments, realize ‘different’ -then to exploration (early adolescence) -then to resolution (benefits of feeling competent in who you are)

49
Q

What is affirmation w/ ERI? What does it do

A
  • how good/bad you feel about ERI

- it’s a protective factor - will do better in face of discrimination/stereotypes

50
Q

What is public regard w/ ERI?

A

-how positively a person believes other ppl view their ethnic/racial group

51
Q

What is centrality w/ ERI?

A

-how important a person’s ethnic/racial group is to their identity

52
Q

What is salience w/ ERI?

A

-how important a person feel their ethnic/racial group us to a particular situation

53
Q

What is ethnic-racial identification? When?

A
  • how someone labels their race & ethnicity

- in childhood

54
Q

What is ethnic-racial identity? When?

A
  • how someone feels about/their thoughts on their race & ethnicity -process
  • (questions heightened in adolescence)
55
Q

Does inflated praise work for children w/ low self esteem?

A
  • no

- but seems to work for those w/ higher self esteem

56
Q

Describe sexual identity

A
  • rises in adolescence -attraction partly biological/hereditary
  • maj heterosexual
  • sexual minority discriminated against - often don’t identify as LGB until after 15, then disclose after 20 (getting earlier)
  • labels often change over time
  • LGb w/ supportive parents have higher self esteem
  • those who don’t -way more likely to have depression, attempt suicide
  • LGB identity is very closely tied to sexual orientation
57
Q

What is is marginalized status for minority youth?

A
  • don’t identify why either minority or majority

ex. neither american nor korean

58
Q

What is is assimilated status for minority youth?

A
  • identify w/ majority but not minority
  • (quite challenging - discrimination)
  • (ex. more american than korean)
59
Q

What is is bicultural status for minority youth?

A

-identify w/ both
-(benefits -emotional & psychological & academic success - but not always advantageous)
(american & korean)

60
Q

What is is separated status for minority youth?

A
  • identify w/ minority
  • (can be more ideal for some, ex. indigenous youth - trauma by maj culture)
    (ex. more korean than american)
61
Q

What do minority youth struggle w/ when it comes to identity status?

A
  • pull between minority culture & broader majority

- acculturative stress

62
Q

What shapes ERI?

A
  • socialization (taught about race by parents, etc. more common for minority)
  • school (context, diversity, programs)
63
Q

What is positive ERI associated w/?

A
  • lower levels of depressive symptoms
  • higher self-esteem
  • positive academic outcomes
  • protection in the face of discrimination (disc shapes identity throughout life)
64
Q

What is discrimination linked w/?

A
  • less adjustment w/
  • mental health, academics, social relationships
  • negative outcomes
  • causes stress
  • but strong ERI can be protective (se effects of disc aren’t as strong)
65
Q

How to promote ERI in schools?

A
  • openness
  • affinity groups (same race -discuss -give maj a specific topic/goal)
  • formal curriculum?
66
Q

When does self esteem first emerge?

A

8 years old

67
Q

How do results of the rouge test diff culturally?

A

-some kids (collectivist) might think the research put it there for a reason

Psych 315 (11 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions