Unit 7A vocab Flashcards
the processing of info into the memory system
for ex: by extracting meaning
encoding
the persistence of learning over time through the storage and retrieval of info
memory
the retention of encoded info over time
storage
the process of getting info out of memory storage
retrieval
the immediate, very brief recording of sensory information in the memory system
sensory memory
activated memory that holds a few items briefly, such as the seven digits of a phone number while dialing, before the info is stored or forgotten
short-term memory
the relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system
includes knowledge, skills, and experiences
long-term memory
a newer understanding of shot-term memory that focuses on conscious, active processing of incoming auditory and visual-spatial info, and of info retrieved from long-term memory
working memory
the processing of many aspects of a problem simultaneously
the brain’s natural mode of info processing for many functions
contrast with step-by-step serial processing of computers
parallel processing
unconscious encoding of incidental info, such as space, time and frequency, and of well-learned info such as word meanings
automatic processing
encoding that requires attention and conscious effort
effortful processing
the conscious repetition of info either to maintain it in consciousness or to encode for storage
rehearsal
the tendency for distributed study or practice to yield better long-term retention than is achieved through massed study or practice
spacing effect
our tendency to recall best the last and first items in a list
serial position effect
the encoding of picture images
visual encoding
the encoding of sound, esp. words
acoustic encoding
the encoding of meaning, including words
semantic encoding
mental pictures;
a powerful aid to effortful processing; esp. when combined with semantic encoding
imagery
memory aids esp. those techniques that use vivid imagery and organizational devices
mnemonics
organizing items into familiar, manageable units
often occurs automatically
chunking
a momentary sensory memory of visual stimuli; a photographic or picture-image memory lasting no more than a few tenths of a second
iconic memory
a momentary sensory memory of auditory stimuli; if attention is elsewhere, sounds and words can still be recalled within 3-4 seconds
echoic memory
an increase in a synapse’s firing potential after a brief, rapid stimulation. believed to be a neural basis for learning and memory
long-term potentiation (LTP)
a clear memory of an emotionally significant moment or event
flashbulb memory
the loss of memory
amnesia
retention independent of conscious recollection
implicit memory
aka nondeclarative or procedural memory
memory of facts and experiences that one can consciously know and declare
explicit
aka declarative memory
a neural center that is located in the limbic system; helps process explicit memories for storage
hippocampus
a measure of memory in which the person must retrieve info learned earlier, as on a fill-in-the-blank test
recall
a measure of memory in which the person need only identify items previously learned, as on a multiple-choice test
recognition
a measure of memory that assesses the amount of time saved when learning material for a second time
relearning
the activation, often unconsciously, of particular associations in memory
priming
that eerie sense that “I’ve experienced this before”
cues from the current situation may subconsciously trigger retrieval of an earlier experience
deja vu
the tendency to recall experiences that are consistent with one’s current good or bad mood
mood-congruent memory
the disruptive effect of prior learning on the recall of new info
proactive interferance
the disruptive effect of new learning on the recall of old info
retroactive interferance
in psychoanalytic theory, the basic defense mechanism that banishes from consciousness anxiety-arousing thought, feelings, and memories
repression
incorporating misleading info into one’s memory of an event
misinformation effect
attributing to the wrong source an event we have experienced, heard about, read about, or imagined.
_______________ along with misinfo effect is at the heart of many false memories
source amnesia
aka source misattribution
