Unit 14 vocab

Question 0

the theory that we explain someone’s behavior by crediting either the situation or the person’s disposition

Answer 0

attribution theory

Question 1

the scientific study of how we think about, and relate to one another

Answer 1

social psychology

Question 2

the tendency for observers, when analyzing another’s behavior, to underestimate the impact of the situation and to overestimate the impact of personal disposition

Answer 2

fundamental attribution error

Question 3

feelings, often influenced by our beliefs, that predispose us to respond in a particular way to objects, people, and events

Answer 3

attitude

Question 4

attitude change path in which interested people focus on the arguments and respond with favorable thoughts

Answer 4

central route persuasion

Question 5

attitude change path in which people are influenced by incidental cues, such as a speaker’s attractiveness

Answer 5

peripheral route persuasion

Question 6

the tendency for people who have first agreed to a small request to comply later with a larger request

Answer 6

foot-in-the-door phonomenon

Question 7

a set of expectations (norms) about a social position, defining how those in the position ought to behave

Answer 7

role

Question 8

the theory that we act to reduce the discomfort (dissonance) we feel when two of our thoughts (cognitions) are inconsistent.
ex: when our awareness of our attitudes and of our actions clash, we can reduce the resulting dissonance by changing our attitudes

Answer 8

cognitive dissonance theory

Question 9

adjusting one’s behavior or thinking to coincide with a group standard

Answer 9

conformity

Question 10

influence resulting from a person’s desire to gain approval or avoid disappoval

Answer 10

normative social influence

Question 11

influence resulting from one’s willingness to accept others’ opinions about reality

Answer 11

informational social influence

Question 12

stronger responses on simple or well-learned tasks in the presence of others

Answer 12

social facilitation

Question 13

the tendency for people in a group to exert less effort when pooling their efforts toward attaining a common goal than when individuall accountable

Answer 13

social learning

Question 14

the loss of self-awareness and self-restraint occurring in group situations that foster arousal and anonymity

Answer 14

deindividuation

Question 15

the enhancement of a group’s prevailing inclinations through discussion within the group

Answer 15

group polarization

Question 16

the mode of thinking that occurs when the desire for harmony in a decision-making group overrides a realistic appraisal of alternatives

Answer 16

groupthink

Question 17

the enduring behaviors, ideas, attitudes, values, and traditions shared by a group of people and transmitted from one generation to the next

Answer 17

culture

Question 18

an understood rule for accepted and expected behavior. _______ prescribe “proper” behavior

Answer 18

norm

Question 19

the buffer zone we like to maintain around our bodies

Answer 19

personal space

Question 20

an unjustifiable (and usually negative) attitude toward a group and its members. Prejudice generally involves stereotyped beliefs, negative feelings, and a predisposition to discriminatory action

Answer 20

prejudice

Question 21

a generalized (sometimes accurate but often overgeneralized) belief about a group of people

Answer 21

sterotype

Question 22

unjustifiable negative behavior toward a group and its members

Answer 22

discrimination

Question 23

“us” - people with whom we share a common identity

Answer 23

ingroup

Question 24

“them” - those perceived as different or apart from our ingroup

Answer 24

outgroup

Question 25

the tendency to favor our own group

Answer 25

ingroup bias

Question 26

the theory that prejudice offers an outlet for anger by providing someone to blame

Answer 26

scapegoat theory

Question 27

the tendency to recall faces of one’s own race more accurately than faces of other races

Answer 27

other-race effect

aka cross-race effect and own-race bias

Question 28

the tendency for people to believe the world is just and that people therefore get what they deserve and deserve what they get

Answer 28

just-world phenomenon

Question 29

any physical or verbal behavior intended to hurt or destroy

Answer 29

aggression

Question 30

the principle that frustration - the blocking of an attempt to achieve some goal- creates anger, which can generate aggression

Answer 30

frustration-aggression principle

Question 31

the phenomenon that repeated exposure to novel stimuli increases liking of them

Answer 31

mere exposure effect

Question 32

an aroused state of intense positive absorption in another, usually present at the beginning of a love relationship

Answer 32

passionate love

Question 33

the deep affectionate attachment we feel for those with whom our lives are intertwined

Answer 33

compassionate love

Question 34

a condition in which people receive from a relationship in proportion to what they give to it

Answer 34

equity

Question 35

revealing intimate aspects of oneself to others

Answer 35

self-disclosure

Question 36

unselfish regard for the welfare of others

Answer 36

altruism

Question 37

the tendency for any given bystander to be less likely to give aid if other bystanders are present

Answer 37

bystander effect

Question 38

the theory that our social behavior is an exchange process, the aim of which is to maximize benefits and minimize costs

Answer 38

social exchange theory

Question 39

an expectation that people will help, not hurt, those who have helped them

Answer 39

reciprocity norm

Question 40

an expectation that people will help those dependent upon them

Answer 40

social-responsibility norm

Question 41

a perceived incompatibility of actions, goals or ideas

Answer 41

conflict

Question 42

a situation in which the conflicting parties, by each rationally pursuing their self-interest, become aught in mutually destructive behavior

Answer 42

social trap

Question 43

mutual views often held by conflicting people, as when each side sees itself as ethical and peaceful and views the other side as evial and aggressive

Answer 43

mirror-image perceptions

Question 44

a belief that leads to its own fulfillment

Answer 44

self-fulfilling prophecy

Question 45

shared goals that override differences among people and require their cooperation

Answer 45

superordinate goals

Question 46

graduated and reciprocated initiatives in tension-reduction

a strategy designed to decrease international tensions

Answer 46

GRIT