Unit 6 vocab

Question 0

an organisms decreasing response to a stimulus with repeated exposure to it

Answer 0

habituation

Question 1

a relatively permanent change in an organisms behavior due to experience

Answer 1

learning

Question 2

learning that certain events occur together.
The events may be two stimuli (as in classical conditioning) OR
a response and its consequences (operant conditioning)

Answer 2

associative learning

Question 3

a type of learning which one learns to link two or more stimuli and anticipate events

Answer 3

classical conditioning

Question 4

the view that psychology 1) should be an objective science that 2) studies behavior without reference to mental processes. Most research psychologists today agree with 1 but not 2

Answer 4

behaviorism

Question 5

in classical conditioning, the unlearned, natural occurring response to the unconditioned stimulus (US) such as salivation when food is in the mouth

Answer 5

unconditioned response (UR)

Question 6

in classical conditioning, a stimulus that unconditionally -naturally and automatically- triggers a response

Answer 6

unconditional stimulus (US)

Question 7

in classical conditioning the learned response to a previously neutral (but now conditioned) stimulus (CS)

Answer 7

conditioned response (CR)

Question 8

in classical conditioning, an originally irrelevant stimulus that, after association with an unconditioned stimulus (US) comes to trigger a conditioned response

Answer 8

conditioned stimulus (CS)

Question 9

in classical conditioning, the initial stage, when one links a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus so that the neutral stimulus begins triggering the conditioned response. in operant conditioning, the strengthening of a reinforced response

Answer 9

acquisition

Question 10

a procedure in which the conditioned stimulus in one conditioning experience is paired with a new neutral stimulus, creating a second (often weaker) conditioned stimulus.
For example, an animal that has learned that a tone predicts food might then learn that a light predicts the tone and begin responding to the light alone

Answer 10

higher-order conditioning

aka second-order conditioning

Question 11

the diminishing of a conditioned response; occurs in classical conditioning when an unconditioned stimulus (US) does not follow a conditioned stimulus (CS); occurs in operant conditioning when a response is no longer reinforced

Answer 11

extinction

Question 12

the reappearance, after a pause, of an extinguished conditioned response

Answer 12

spontaneous recovery

Question 13

the tendency, once a response has been conditioned, for stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus to elicit similar responses

Answer 13

generalization

Question 14

in classical conditioning, the learned ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and stimuli that do not signal an unconditioned stimulus

Answer 14

discrimination

Question 15

the hopelessness and passive resignation an animal or human learns when unable to avoid repeated aversive events

Answer 15

learned helplessness

Question 16

behavior that occurs as an automatic response to some stimulus

Answer 16

respondent behavior

Question 17

a type of leaning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by a reinforcer or diminished if followed by a punisher

Answer 17

operant conditioning

Question 18

behavior that operates on the environment, producing consequences

Answer 18

operant behavior

Question 19

Thorndike’s principle that behaviors followed by favorable consequences become more likely, and that behaviors followed by unfavorable consequences become less likely

Answer 19

law of effect

Question 20

in operant conditioning research, a chamber (aka Skinner box) containing a bar or key that an animal can manipulate to obtain a food or water reinforcer; attached devices record the animal’s rate of bar pressing or key pecking

Answer 20

operant chamber

Question 21

an operant conditioning procedure in which reinforcers guide behavior toward closer and closer approximations of the desired behavior

Answer 21

shaping

Question 22

in operant conditioning, a stimulus that elicits a response after association with reinforcement (in contrast to related stimuli not associated with reinforcement)

Answer 22

discriminative stimulus

Question 23

in operant conditioning, any event that strengthens the behavior it follows

Answer 23

reinforcer

Question 24

increasing behaviors by presenting positive stimuli, such as food. Any stimulus that when presented after a response, strengthens the response

Answer 24

positive reinforcement

Question 25

increasing behaviors by stopping or reducing negative stimuli, such as shock. Any stimuli that when removed after a response, strengthens the response. Not punishment

Answer 25

negative reinforcement

Question 26

an innately reinforcing stimulus, such as one that satisfies a biological need

Answer 26

primary reinforcer

Question 27

a stimulus that gains reinforming power through its association with a primary reinforcer

Answer 27

conditioned reinforcer

aka secondary reinforcer

Question 28

reinforcing the desired response every time it occurs

Answer 28

continuous reinforcement

Question 29

reinforcing a response only part of the time; results in slower acquisition of a response but much greater resistance to extinction than does continuous reinforcement

Answer 29

partial (intermittent) reinforcement

Question 30

in operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified number of responses

Answer 30

fixed-ratio schedule

Question 31

in operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response after an unpredictable number of responses

Answer 31

variable-ratio schedule

Question 32

in operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified time has elapsed

Answer 32

fixed-interval schedule

Question 33

in operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response at unpredictable time intervals

Answer 33

variable-interval schedule

Question 34

an event that decreases the behavior that it follows

Answer 34

punishment

Question 35

a mental representation of the layout of ones environment. for example, after exploring a maze, rats act as if they have learned a __________ of it

Answer 35

cognitive map

Question 36

learning that occurs but it not apparent until there is an incentive to demonstrate it

Answer 36

latent learning

Question 37

a sudden and often novel realization of the solution to a problem

Answer 37

insight

Question 38

a desire to perform a behavior effectively for its own sake

Answer 38

intrinsic motivation

Question 39

a desire to perform a behavior to receive promised reward or avoid threatened punishment

Answer 39

extrinsic motivation

Question 40

a mental representation of the layout of ones environment. For example, after exploring a maze, rats act as if they have learned a _____________ of it

Answer 40

cognitive map

Question 41

learning that occurs but is not apparent until there is an incentive to demonstrate it

Answer 41

latent learning

Question 42

a sudden and often novel realization of the solution to a problem

Answer 42

insight

Question 43

a desire to perform a behavior effectively for its own sake

Answer 43

intrinsic motivation

Question 44

a desire to perform a behavior to receive promised rewards or avoid threatened punishment

Answer 44

extrinsic motivation

Question 45

learning by observing others

Answer 45

observational learning

aka social learning

Question 46

the process of observing and imitating a specific behavior

Answer 46

modeling

Question 47

frontal lobe neurons that fire when performing certain actions or when observing another doing so. the brain’s mirroring of another’s action may enable imitation and empathy

Answer 47

mirror neurons

Question 48

positive, constructive, helpful behavior. opposite of antisocial behavior

Answer 48

prosocial behavior