Unit 7 vocab

Question 1

Algorithm

Answer 1

a process or set of rules to be followed in calculations or other problem-solving operations, especially by a computer.

Question 2

Artificial Intelligence

Answer 2

the theory and development of computer systems able to perform tasks that normally require human intelligence, such as visual perception, speech recognition, decision-making, and translation between languages.

Question 3

Availability Heuristic

Answer 3

a mental shortcut that relies on immediate examples that come to a given person’s mind when evaluating a specific topic, concept, method or decision.

Question 4

Babbling Stage

Answer 4

a stage in child development and a state in language acquisition during which an infant appears to be experimenting with uttering articulate sounds, but does not yet produce any recognizable words

Question 5

Belief Bias

Answer 5

is the tendency to judge the strength of arguments based on the plausibility of their conclusion rather than how strongly they support that conclusion.

Question 6

Belief Perserverance

Answer 6

the tendency for people to hold their beliefs as true, even when there is ample evidence to discredit the belief.

Question 7

Cognition

Answer 7

a branch of psychology concerned with mental processes (as perception, thinking, learning, and memory) especially with respect to the internal events occurring between sensory stimulation and the overt expression of behavior — compare behaviorism.

Question 8

Computer Neural Networks

Answer 8

an artifical network or mathematical model for information processing based on how neurons and synapses work in the human brain

Question 9

Concept

Answer 9

The individual’s belief about himself or herself, including the person’s attributes and who and what the self is

Question 10

Creativity

Answer 10

as the tendency to generate or recognize ideas, alternatives, or possibilities that may be useful in solving problems, communicating with others, and entertaining ourselves and others.

Question 11

Confirmation Bias

Answer 11

tendency to search for or interpret information in a way that confirms one’s preconceptions, leading to statistical errors.

Question 12

Fixaction

Answer 12

is a concept (in human psychology) that was originated by Sigmund Freud (1905) to denote the persistence of anachronistic sexual traits.

Question 13

Framing

Answer 13

effect is an example of cognitive bias, in which people react to a particular choice in different ways depending on how it is presented; e.g. as a loss or as a gain

Question 14

Functional Fixedness

Answer 14

a cognitive bias that limits a person to using an object only in the way it is traditionally used.

Question 15

Grammar

Answer 15

the study of rules governing the use of language. .

Question 16

Heuristic

Answer 16

are simple, efficient rules which people often use to form judgments and make decisions.

Question 17

Insight

Answer 17

is the understanding of a specific cause and effect within a specific context

Question 18

Intuition

Answer 18

Gut feeling

Question 19

Language

Answer 19

a system of symbols and rules that is used for meaningful communication

Question 20

Linguistic Determinism

Answer 20

the idea that language and its structures limit and determine human knowledge or thought, as well as thought processes such as categorization, memory, and perception.

Question 21

Mental Set

Answer 21

the tendency to approach situations in a certain way because that method worked in the past.

Question 22

Morpheme

Answer 22

the smallest lingual unit that carries a semantic interpretation.

Question 23

One-word Stage

Answer 23

During language development children go through stages during which their language gets better and better until they can finally speak fluently.

Question 24

Over Confidence

Answer 24

effect is a well-established bias in which a person’s subjective confidence in his or her judgements is reliably greater than the objective accuracy of those judgements, especially when confidence is relatively high.

Question 25

Phoneme

Answer 25

a unit of sound in speech.

Question 26

Prototype

Answer 26

is used for something original — an original form of something that serves as a standard.

Question 27

Representative Heuristic

Answer 27

is used when making judgments about the probability of an event under uncertainty

Question 28

Semantics

Answer 28

in other words, the aspect of memory that preserves only the gist, the general significance, of remembered experience

Question 29

Syntax

Answer 29

is fundamental to the study of language. Syntax is the collection of rules that govern how words are assembled into meaningful sentences.

Question 30

Telegraphic Speech

Answer 30

defined as a form of communication consisting of simple two-word long sentences often composed of a noun and a verb that adhere to the grammatical standards of the culture’s language.

Question 31

Two-word Stage

Answer 31

Telegraphic speech, according to linguistics and psychology, is speech during the two-word stage of language acquisition in children, which is laconic and efficient.