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AP Psych 2 > Chapter 4 > Flashcards

Chapter 4 Flashcards

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1
Q

SENSATION

A

Sensation is the process that allows our brains to take in information via our five senses, which can then be experienced and interpreted by the brain

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2
Q

PERCEPTION

A

is the process of recognizing and interpreting sensory stimuli

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3
Q

ABSOLUTE THRESHOLD

A

is the smallest level of energy required by an external stimulus to be detectable by the human senses, including vision, hearing, taste, smell and touch.

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4
Q

SIGNAL DETECTION THEORY

A

is a means to quantify the ability to discern between information-bearing patterns (called stimulus in living organisms, signal in machines) and random patterns that distract from the information (called noise, consisting of background stimuli and random activity of the detection machine and of the nervous system of the operator)

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5
Q

SUBLIMINAL

A

a mature type of defense mechanism where socially unacceptable impulses or idealizations are unconsciously transformed into socially acceptable actions or behavior, possibly resulting in a long-term conversion of the initial impulse.

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6
Q

WEBERS LAW

A

quantifying the perception of change in a given stimulus. The law states that the change in a stimulus that will be just noticeable is a constant ratio of the original stimulus.

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7
Q

SENSORY ADAPTION

A

is defined as the diminished sensitivity to a stimulus as a consequence of constant exposure to that stimulus.

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8
Q

TRANSDUCTION

A

is the process of converting one form of energy into another.

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9
Q

WAVELENGTH

A

is a term describing how sounds and light waves are measured

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10
Q

HUE

A

is one of the main properties of a color, defined technically (in the CIECAM02 model), as “the degree to which a stimulus can be described as similar to or different from stimuli that are described as red, green, blue, and yellow,” (the unique hues).

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11
Q

INTENSITY

A

as the strength of the tendency to either approach a positive situation or event or to move away from a negative situation or event.

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12
Q

PUPIL

A

Scientists are using pupil measurements to study a wide range of psychological processes and to get a glimpse into the mind

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13
Q

IRIS

A

of a human eye is the colored ring between the clear cornea on the outside and the crystalline lens on the inside

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14
Q

LENS

A

changes shape (called accomodation) and then focuses the incoming light onto the back of the eye (the retina) which send the information on to be processed by the brain.

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15
Q

ACCOMODATION

A

a term developed by psychologist Jean Piaget to describe what occurs when new information or experiences cause you to modify your existing schemas

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16
Q

RETINA

A

the area in back of the eye that contains your rods and cones

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17
Q

AUCITY

A

refers to the sharpness, clearness and focus of a person’s vision

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18
Q

NEARSIDEDNESS

A

The ability to see near objects more clearly than distant objects.

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19
Q

FARSIGHTEDNESS

A

a common vision condition in which you can see distant objects clearly, but objects nearby may be blurry.

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20
Q

RODS

A

A type of specialized light-sensitive cell (photoreceptor) in the retina of the eye that provides side vision and the ability to see objects in dim light (night vision)

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21
Q

CONES

A

A type of specialized light-sensitive cell (photoreceptor) in the retina of the eye that provides color vision and sharp central vision.

22
Q

OPTIC NERVE

A

carries the impulses formed by the retina

23
Q

BLIND SPOT

A

A small region in the visual field (the area scanned by the eye) that cannot be seen.

24
Q

FOVEA

A

a tiny pit located in the macula of the retina that provides the clearest vision of all.

25
Q

FEATURE DETECTORS

A

nerve cells in the brain that respond to specific features of the stimulus such as shape angle or movement.

26
Q

PARALLEL PROCESSING

A

is the ability of the brain to simultaneously process incoming stimuli of differing quality.

27
Q

OPPONENT PROCESS THEORY

A

a psychological and neurological model that accounts for a wide range of behaviors, including color vision.

28
Q

COLOR CONSISTANCY

A

tendency for a color to look the same under widely different viewing conditions

29
Q

AUDITION

A

is the formal phrase for hearing

30
Q

FREQUENCY

A

the number of complete wavelengths (also known as cycles) that occur within a specific time

31
Q

PITCH

A

a musical term that refers to the sound quality; highness or lowness (frequency) of a sound or musical tone.

32
Q

MIDDLE EAR

A

refers to the space between the eardrum and the inner ear, where three tiny bones (also known as ossicles) are located and named based on their shapes: the malleus, meaning hammer, the incus or anvil and the stapes or stirrup.

33
Q

COCHELA

A

is the sense organ that translates sound into nerve impulses to be sent to the brain

34
Q

INNER EAR

A

The innermost part of the ear, containing the cochlea (the spiral shape part that has lots of neural receptors for picking up auditory stimuli), semicircular canals, and vestibular sacs.

35
Q

PLACE THEORY

A

a theory of hearing which states that our perception of sound depends on where each component frequency produces vibrations along the basilar membrane.

36
Q

CONDUCTION HEARING LOSS

A

occurs when there is a physical problem conducting sound waves through the ear mechanisms (outer ear, eardrum, middle ear).

37
Q

SENSORINEURAL HEARING LOSS

A

Deafness, also called nerve deafness, is a type of hearing loss resulting from damage to the inner ear, the nerve pathway that connects to the brain, or the central processing centers of the brain.

38
Q

GATE-CONTROL THEORY

A

pain asserts that non-painful input closes the “gates” to painful input, which prevents pain sensation from traveling to the central nervous system.

39
Q

SENSORY INTERACTION

A

refers to the interaction of the senses to each other and how they influence each other. Taste and smell are two senses that work together.

40
Q

KINETHESIS

A

also referred to as kinesthesia, is the perception of body movements.

41
Q

VESTIBULAR SENSE

A

(the sensations of body rotation and of gravitation and movement) arise in the inner ear; the sense organs are the hair cells that send out signals over the auditory nerve.

42
Q

SELECTIVE ATTENTION

A

the capacity for or process of reacting to certain stimuli selectively when several occur simultaneously.

43
Q

VISUAL CAPTURE

A

the dominance of vision over other sense modalities in creating a percept

44
Q

GESTALT

A

a movement in psychology founded in Germany in 1912, seeking to explain perceptions in terms of gestalts rather than by analyzing their constituents.

45
Q

FIGURE GROUND

A

organization is a type of perceptual grouping which is a vital necessity for recognizing objects through vision.

46
Q

GROUPING

A

are a set of principles in psychology, first proposed by Gestalt psychologists to account for the observation that humans naturally perceive objects as organized patterns and objects, a principle known as Prägnanz.

47
Q

DEPTH PERCEPTION

A

arises from a variety of depth cues. These are typically classified into binocular cues that are based on the receipt of sensory information in three dimensions from both eyes and monocular cues that can be represented in just two dimensions and observed with just one eye.

48
Q

VISUAL CLIFF

A

Gibson and Walk (1960) hypothesized that depth perception is inherent as opposed to a learned process. To test this, they placed 36 infants, 6 to 14 months of age, on the shallow side of the visual cliff apparatus.

49
Q

BINOCULAR CUES

A

are visual information taken in by two eyes that enable us a sense of depth perception, or stereopsis.

50
Q

MONOCULAR CUES

A

that allows us to perceive the depth and distance of an object. A monocular cue is any depth cue that can be processed by using one eye alone. This is in contrast to binocular cues that require the use of both eyes to perceive distance and depth.

51
Q

CONVERGENCE

A

refers to the fact that the closer an object, the more inward our eyes need to turn in order to focus.

AP Psych 2 (9 decks)

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