Chapter 12: Motivation Flashcards
Motivations
is defined as the process that initiates, guides, and maintains goal-oriented behaviors
Instincts
a term used to describe a set of behaviors that are both unlearned and set in motion as the result of some environmental trigger.
Drive Reduction Theory
was first developed by Clark Hull in 1943. According to this theory, deviations from homeostasis create physiological needs.
Primary Drives
According to such theorists as Clark Hull and Kenneth Spence, drive reduction is a major cause of learning and behavior. Primary drives are innate drives (e.g. thirst, hunger, and sex), whereas secondary drives are learned by conditioning (e.g. money).
Arousal Theory
The arousal theory of motivation suggests that people are driven to perform actions in order to maintain an optimum level of physiological arousal
Opponent-Process Theory of Motivation
a psychological and neurological model that accounts for a wide range of behaviors, including color vision
Secondary Drives
Primary drives are innate drives (e.g. thirst, hunger, and sex), whereas secondary drives are learned by conditioning (e.g. money).
Incentives
one of the major theories of motivation and suggests that behavior is motivated by a desire for reinforcement or
Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
a description of the needs that motivate human behavior.
Lateral Hypothalamus
a part of the hypothalamus gland and is the portion that controls hunger.
Set-Point Theory
a theory that states everyone’s body has a genetically determined range of weight and temperature that their body will try to maintain to stay at optimal health.
Bulimia
nervosa is an eating disorder characterized by episodes of binge eating—consuming a lot of food quickly—followed by compensatory behavior, most commonly vomiting or “purging.
Anorexia
one of the three major types of feeding and eating disorders; the other categories are bulimia nervosa and binge eating disorder. Anorexia nervosa is characterized by a person’s refusal to stay at the minimum body weight considered normal for the person’s age and height
Obesity
a condition of having excess body weight.
Achievement Motivation
can be defined as the need for success or the attainment of excellence.
Extrinsic Motivators
refers to behavior that is driven by external rewards such as money, fame, grades, and praise.
Intrinsic Motivators
defined as performing an action or behavior because you enjoy the activity itself.
Approach-Approach Conflict
as when a youth has to choose between two attractive and practicable careers, may lead to some vacillation but rarely to great distress.
Avoidance-Avoidance Conflict
as when a youth has to choose between two attractive and practicable careers, may lead to some vacillation but rarely to great distress.
Approach-Avoidance Conflict
as when a youth has to choose between two attractive and practicable careers, may lead to some vacillation but rarely to great distress.
Homeostasis
refers to the body’s need to reach and maintain a certain state of equilibrium.
Optimum Arousal
Rather than seeking some biologically based balance, the optimum arousal theory says that people are motivated to reach an optimal state of alertness or activation.
Glucose
the form of sugar that circulates in the blood and provides the major source of energy for body tissues
Ventromedial Hypothalamus
which when stimulated, makes you feel full. Whenever you eat a big meal and don’t even want to think about eating another bite, the ventromedial hypothalamus is doing its job.
Basal Metabolic Rate
the amount of energy expended while at rest in a neutrally temperate environment, in the post-absorptive state (meaning that the digestive system is inactive, which requires about twelve hours of fasting in humans).
Neophobia
the fear of anything new, especially a persistent and abnormal fear.
Sex
as determined by their biology, does not always correspond with their gender.
Sexual Response Cycle
refers to the sequence of physical and emotional changes that occur as a person becomes sexually aroused and participates in sexually stimulating activities, including intercourse and masturbation.
Refractory Period
refers to the period of time during which the response to a second stimulus is significantly slowed because a first stimulus is still being processed.
Sexual Orientation
an enduring pattern of romantic or sexual attraction (or a combination of these) to persons of the opposite sex or gender, the same sex or gender, or to both sexes or more than one gender.
Yerkes-Dodson Law
States that there is an optimal level or arousal for best performance on any task
Flow Structured Interview
interview process that asks the same jobrelevant questions of all applicants, each of whom is rated on established scales.
360 Degree Feedback
a type of feedback in which you are rated by the CIRCLE of those around you; includes customer rating, supervisor rating, peer rating, and subordinate rating
Theory X
suggests that people work for extrinsic reasons – in other words, money! This theory is linked to management and leadership, and assumes that workers are lazy, selfish, and generally sloppy at their work.
Theory Y
It describes two contrasting sets of assumptions that managers make about their people: Theory X – people dislike work, have little ambition, and are unwilling to take responsibility.
Task Leadership
a behavioral approach in which the leader focuses on the tasks that need to be performed in order to meet certain goals, or to achieve a certain performance standard
Social Leadership
have followers because of their ability to bring people together, facilitate agreements and drive efforts in the same direction. Nelson Mandela can be seen as the prototype of a social leader.
Settling Point
that seeks to explain how the body controls weight
Flow
a completely involved, focused state of consciousness, with diminished awareness of self and time, resulting from optimal engagement of one’s skill
