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ap psych > unit 7- sensation and perception > Flashcards

unit 7- sensation and perception Flashcards

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1
Q

gustav fechner

A

With Weber, founder of psycho physics, who studied the relations between physical changes and perceive changes in stimuli

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2
Q

Ernest Weber

A

The founder of psychophysics who investigated the trust, noticeable difference, and proposed webers law

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3
Q

david hubel & torsten wiesel

A

Demonstrated how to specialize cells in the brain respond to visual information

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4
Q

sensation

A

The process by which sensory receptors receive information from the environment

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5
Q

perception

A

The process of selecting, organizing and interpreting sensations enabling you to recognize meaningful objects in events

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6
Q

transduction

A

The process of converting physical energy into electrical signals

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7
Q

psychophysics

A

The study of relationship between physical energy and psychological experiences

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8
Q

Bottom up processing

A

Build up from the smallest pieces of sensory information

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9
Q

top down processing

A

Brain applies what it knows and expects to perceive sensory information

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10
Q

absolute threshold

A

The point where you notice that is stimuli is present. The minimum stimulation required for a particular stimulus to be detected 50% of the time.

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11
Q

difference threshold

A

The smallest change in stimulation that a person can detect 50% of the time

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12
Q

just noticeable difference

A

The point where you can detect the difference between stimuli

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13
Q

webers law

A

The size of the just noticeable difference is directly proportional to the strength of the original stimulus

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14
Q

Signal detection theory

A

Maintains that minimum threshold, varies with fatigue, attention, expectations, motivation, emotional distress, and from one person to another

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15
Q

cornea

A

Transparent, curved layer in the front of the eye that bends incoming light rays

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16
Q

Iris

A

colored muscle surrounding the pupil that regulates the size of the pupil open

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17
Q

pupil

A

Small adjustable opening in the iris that is smaller and bright, light and larger in darkness

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18
Q

Lens

A

Structure behind the pupil, that changes shape to focus on near or far objects by adjusting how light hits the retina

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19
Q

Retina

A

Light sensitive surface in the back of the eye, containing rods and cones

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20
Q

Photoreceptors

A

Specialized light sensitive neurons in the right now that converts light into neural impulses; includes rods and cones

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21
Q

rods

A

Processes, black, white, and gray light vision at lower light levels

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22
Q

cones

A

Vision at higher light levels and capable of color vision

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23
Q

optic nerve

A

Bundle of retinal ganglion axons that carries information from the eye to the foul mess

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24
Q

blindspot

A

Area in the eye with no receptor cells

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25
Q

feature detectors

A

Specialized nerve cells in the visual cortex that respond to particular elements like shape, movement edges, and angles

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26
Q

parallel processing

A

Simultaneously analyzing different elements of sensory information

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27
Q

trichromatic theory

A

The retina has three color receptors that are sensitive to red green and blue light

28
Q

opponent process theory

A

The right now has receptors for three opposing pairs of colors: white black, red green, and yellow blue

29
Q

after images

A

Images that remain visible after viewing an object. A negative after image reverse the colors in the original image.

30
Q

Audition

A

The process of transducing acoustic energy into perceivable sound

31
Q

frequency

A

The number of complete wavelengths that pass a point in a given amount of time (determines the pitch of a sound)

32
Q

Pitch

A

The highness or lowness of a sound. The shorter the wavelength, the higher, the frequency, the higher, the pitch, the longer the wavelength, the lower the frequency, the lower the pitch.

33
Q

sound localization

A

The process by which you determine the location of a sound

34
Q

outer ear

A

Includes the pinna the auditory canal and the eardrum

35
Q

middle ear

A

Includes three tiny bones: the Incas, the anvil in the stapes

36
Q

inner ear

A

Includes the Kokila, semicircular, canals, and vestibular sacs

37
Q

cochlea

A

Snail shaped fluid filled tube in the inner ear with hair cells on the basilar membrane that transduce mechanical energy, a vibrating molecules to the electrochemical energy of neural impulses

38
Q

auditory nerve

A

Axons of neurons in the cochlea converge transmitting sound messages

39
Q

Place theory

A

The position of the basilar membrane at which waves reach their peak, depends on the frequency of a tone. Counts well for higher pitch sounds

40
Q

Frequency theory

A

The rate of the neural impulses traveling up the auditory nerve matches the frequency of a time enabling you to since it’s pitch. Explains well how you hear low pitch sounds.

41
Q

Gate control theory

A

Pain is experienced only if the pain messages can pass through a gate in the spinal cord on the route to the brain

42
Q

kinesthesis

A

Body sense that provides information about the position and movement of individual parts of your body with receptors in your muscles, tendons and joints

43
Q

vestibular sense

A

Body sense of equilibrium with her like receptors in semicircular canals and vestibular sac in the inner ear

44
Q

gustation

A

The chemical sense of taste with receptor cells in the taste buds

45
Q

Olfraction

A

The chemical sense of smell with receptors in a mucus membrane to the roots of the nasal cavity

46
Q

olfactory bulb

A

The smell center of the brain, which receives and processes chemical information from the olfactory nerve

47
Q

perception

A

The process of integrating and interpreting sensory data

48
Q

Gestalt psychology

A

A subfield of psychology that suggests that the brain forms a perceptual hall that is greater than the sum of its parts

49
Q

figure ground

A

Ability to differentiate an object from its background

50
Q

Grouping

A

tendency to organize stimulate into coherent groups

51
Q

monocular cues

A

clues about distance based on the image of one eye

52
Q

Binocular cues

A

Clues about distance requiring two eyes

53
Q

Retinal disparity

A

The difference between the images seen by each eye which can be used to gauge distance

54
Q

Visual cliff

A

Laboratory device for testing depth perception in infants

55
Q

Perceptual set

A

Predisposition to perceive things in a certain way

56
Q

Sensory adaptation

A

Reduced sensitivity to a stimulus after constant exposure to it

57
Q

relative motion

A

Occurs when we ourselves are the moving objects. Objects that are fixed in one place appear to move along with us.

58
Q

shape and size constancies

A

We perceive the form of familiar objects as constant event, while our retinas receive changing images of them

59
Q

Selective attention

A

Focused awareness of only a limited aspect of all you are capable of experiencing

60
Q

cocktail party effect

A

Ability to focus on a particular sound, while partially filtering out other sounds

61
Q

inattentional blindness

A

Focus on one stimulus will lead to between blind to other stimulus

62
Q

Parapsychology

A

The study of paranormal phenomena, such as extrasensory, perception, and psychokinesis

63
Q

Figure ground pattern

A

The figure is what is focused on in the ground is the blurry background, which is likely ignored

64
Q

muller-lyer illusion

A

An optical illusion, consisting of two line segments, one with arrows, pointing inward, and one with arrows, pointing outward the bus lines are of equal length the line with the inward pointing arrow is typically perceived to be longer

65
Q

phi Phenomenon.

A

The human visual system can process up to 10 to 12 images per second and still perceive the images as individual pictures, the movement of a series of pictures at a rate that suggest motion is called stroboscopic movement

ap psych (8 decks)

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