unit 6- learning Flashcards
albert bandura
conducted the bobo doll experiment, which demonstrated that aggression is learned by observing and modeling others
Ivan Pavlov
Condition, dogs to salivate at the sound of a bell after repeated pairings with food, thereby discovering classical conditioning
robert rescorla
Demonstrated how specialize cells in the brain respond to visual information
b.f. skinner
The behavior list most responsible for developing operant conditioning theory
edward thorndike
A behavioral list note for the law of a fact, which served as the foundation of Skinners operant conditioning theory
john b watson
Founder of the behavioralists school who believed that psychology could only scientifically examine behavior and not unobservable mental processes. Watson conducted the little Albert experiment.
edward tolman
behaviorist who developed the idea of latent learning by conducting experiments in which rats learn to run mazes even when reinforcement was withheld
john garcia
discover taste aversion, when looking at the impact of radiation on rats. Rats become nauseous from radiation, but since the taste of water from a plastic bottle was accidentally paired with radiation, the rats developed an inversion for this water
behavioral psychology perspective
Focus on observable behaviors, people/animals are controlled by their environment, positive/negative consequences
learning
A relatively permanent change in behavior based on experience. Learning comes in a number of forms, each of which operates according to distinct principles.
classical conditioning
The process of repeatedly pairing an original (unconditioned) stimulus, which naturally produce is a reflexive (unconditioned) response, with a new (neutral) stimulus, such that the new stimulus produces the same response
Acquisition
The process of pairing, the unconditioned stimulus with the conditioned stimulus
unconditioned stimulus
something that triggers a naturally occurring response
conditioned stimulus
neutral stimulus that, after being repeatedly presented prior to the unconditioned stimulus, evokes a similar response as the unconditioned stimulus
unconditioned response
naturally occurring response that follows the unconditioned stimulus
conditioned response
the acquired response to the formerly neutral stimulus
higher order conditioning
a form of classical conditioning in which a previously conditioned stimulus is used to produce further learning
extinction
conditioned response decreases of disappears (no longer paired with unconditioned stimulus)
spontaneous recovery
return of previously extinct conditioned response after a rest period
stimulus generalization
conditioned stimulus may evoke similar responses after the responses after the response as been conditioned
stimulus discrimination
The ability to differentiate between a conditioned stimulus and other stimuli
aversive conditioning
Learning involving an unpleasant or harmful stimulus or reinforcer
operant conditioning
Based on the idea that human behavior is influenced by “operants” in the environment. These include positive and negative reinforcement, which encourage behavior, as well as punishment, which suppresses behavior.
Law of effect
The idea that responses that lead to positive effects are repeated, while responses that lead to negative effects are not repeated
Skinner box
A laboratory apparatus used to study operant conditioning in animals, which typically contains a lever that animals compress to dispense food as reinforcement
reinforcing stimulus
Strengthens or increases the behavior it follows
positive reinforcement
Add something good, behavior increased as a result
negative reinforcement
Remove something bad, behavior increases as a result
punishment stimulus
Presentation of a negative consequence that causes a decrease in the behavior
positive punishment
Add something bad, behavior decreases
negative punishment
Remove something good, behavior decreases
shaping
The process of gradually molding behavior to get a final desired response by reinforcing, successive approximations to the desired behavior
primary reinforcer
A stimulus that intrinsically pleasant, because it satisfies a basic need
secondary reinforcer
A stimulus that individuals have been conditioned to desire through association with a primary reinforcer
token reinforcer
Any secondary reinforcer that is tangible, such as money or gold star is given by a teacher
token economy
A system, in which token reinforcers are used to reward positive behaviors, and can be traded for other reinforcers
schedules of reinforcement
Timing of how often a desired response will be reinforced
fixed ratio
Response is reinforced only after a specific number of responses
variable ratio schedules
Response is reinforce after and unpredictable number of responses
fixed interval schedules
Response is rewarded only after a specified amount of time has elapsed
variable interval schedules
response is rewarded after an unpredictable amount of time has passed
cognitive map
A mental representation of an environment or concept that facilitates understanding
latent learning
One can learn something but not show the behavior right away
observational learning
Process of watching others than later imitating the behaviors that were observed
Bobo doll experiment
A Classic study by which Albert Bandura, in which children viewed a film of an adult violently, hitting an inflatable, bobo doll, and then we’re allowed to play with the dog. The children showed aggression toward the dog, demonstrating the power of observational learning.
insight learning
Sudden realization of the problem solution “just came to you” (kohler)
self- efficacy
The extent to which a person believes him or her self capable of success in a particular situation
Learned helplessness
Organism becomes helpless after learning they have no ability to change the outcome (seligman)
Taste Aversion
An active dislike for a particular food, developed through conditioning
