unit 6- learning

Question 1

albert bandura

Answer 1

conducted the bobo doll experiment, which demonstrated that aggression is learned by observing and modeling others

Question 2

Ivan Pavlov

Answer 2

Condition, dogs to salivate at the sound of a bell after repeated pairings with food, thereby discovering classical conditioning

Question 3

robert rescorla

Answer 3

Demonstrated how specialize cells in the brain respond to visual information

Question 4

b.f. skinner

Answer 4

The behavior list most responsible for developing operant conditioning theory

Question 5

edward thorndike

Answer 5

A behavioral list note for the law of a fact, which served as the foundation of Skinners operant conditioning theory

Question 6

john b watson

Answer 6

Founder of the behavioralists school who believed that psychology could only scientifically examine behavior and not unobservable mental processes. Watson conducted the little Albert experiment.

Question 7

edward tolman

Answer 7

behaviorist who developed the idea of latent learning by conducting experiments in which rats learn to run mazes even when reinforcement was withheld

Question 8

john garcia

Answer 8

discover taste aversion, when looking at the impact of radiation on rats. Rats become nauseous from radiation, but since the taste of water from a plastic bottle was accidentally paired with radiation, the rats developed an inversion for this water

Question 9

behavioral psychology perspective

Answer 9

Focus on observable behaviors, people/animals are controlled by their environment, positive/negative consequences

Question 10

learning

Answer 10

A relatively permanent change in behavior based on experience. Learning comes in a number of forms, each of which operates according to distinct principles.

Question 11

classical conditioning

Answer 11

The process of repeatedly pairing an original (unconditioned) stimulus, which naturally produce is a reflexive (unconditioned) response, with a new (neutral) stimulus, such that the new stimulus produces the same response

Question 12

Acquisition

Answer 12

The process of pairing, the unconditioned stimulus with the conditioned stimulus

Question 13

unconditioned stimulus

Answer 13

something that triggers a naturally occurring response

Question 14

conditioned stimulus

Answer 14

neutral stimulus that, after being repeatedly presented prior to the unconditioned stimulus, evokes a similar response as the unconditioned stimulus

Question 15

unconditioned response

Answer 15

naturally occurring response that follows the unconditioned stimulus

Question 16

conditioned response

Answer 16

the acquired response to the formerly neutral stimulus

Question 17

higher order conditioning

Answer 17

a form of classical conditioning in which a previously conditioned stimulus is used to produce further learning

Question 18

extinction

Answer 18

conditioned response decreases of disappears (no longer paired with unconditioned stimulus)

Question 19

spontaneous recovery

Answer 19

return of previously extinct conditioned response after a rest period

Question 20

stimulus generalization

Answer 20

conditioned stimulus may evoke similar responses after the responses after the response as been conditioned

Question 21

stimulus discrimination

Answer 21

The ability to differentiate between a conditioned stimulus and other stimuli

Question 22

aversive conditioning

Answer 22

Learning involving an unpleasant or harmful stimulus or reinforcer

Question 23

operant conditioning

Answer 23

Based on the idea that human behavior is influenced by “operants” in the environment. These include positive and negative reinforcement, which encourage behavior, as well as punishment, which suppresses behavior.

Question 24

Law of effect

Answer 24

The idea that responses that lead to positive effects are repeated, while responses that lead to negative effects are not repeated

Question 25

Skinner box

Answer 25

A laboratory apparatus used to study operant conditioning in animals, which typically contains a lever that animals compress to dispense food as reinforcement

Question 26

reinforcing stimulus

Answer 26

Strengthens or increases the behavior it follows

Question 27

positive reinforcement

Answer 27

Add something good, behavior increased as a result

Question 28

negative reinforcement

Answer 28

Remove something bad, behavior increases as a result

Question 29

punishment stimulus

Answer 29

Presentation of a negative consequence that causes a decrease in the behavior

Question 30

positive punishment

Answer 30

Add something bad, behavior decreases

Question 31

negative punishment

Answer 31

Remove something good, behavior decreases

Question 32

shaping

Answer 32

The process of gradually molding behavior to get a final desired response by reinforcing, successive approximations to the desired behavior

Question 33

primary reinforcer

Answer 33

A stimulus that intrinsically pleasant, because it satisfies a basic need

Question 34

secondary reinforcer

Answer 34

A stimulus that individuals have been conditioned to desire through association with a primary reinforcer

Question 35

token reinforcer

Answer 35

Any secondary reinforcer that is tangible, such as money or gold star is given by a teacher

Question 36

token economy

Answer 36

A system, in which token reinforcers are used to reward positive behaviors, and can be traded for other reinforcers

Question 37

schedules of reinforcement

Answer 37

Timing of how often a desired response will be reinforced

Question 38

fixed ratio

Answer 38

Response is reinforced only after a specific number of responses

Question 39

variable ratio schedules

Answer 39

Response is reinforce after and unpredictable number of responses

Question 40

fixed interval schedules

Answer 40

Response is rewarded only after a specified amount of time has elapsed

Question 41

variable interval schedules

Answer 41

response is rewarded after an unpredictable amount of time has passed

Question 42

cognitive map

Answer 42

A mental representation of an environment or concept that facilitates understanding

Question 43

latent learning

Answer 43

One can learn something but not show the behavior right away

Question 44

observational learning

Answer 44

Process of watching others than later imitating the behaviors that were observed

Question 45

Bobo doll experiment

Answer 45

A Classic study by which Albert Bandura, in which children viewed a film of an adult violently, hitting an inflatable, bobo doll, and then we’re allowed to play with the dog. The children showed aggression toward the dog, demonstrating the power of observational learning.

Question 46

insight learning

Answer 46

Sudden realization of the problem solution “just came to you” (kohler)

Question 47

self- efficacy

Answer 47

The extent to which a person believes him or her self capable of success in a particular situation

Question 48

Learned helplessness

Answer 48

Organism becomes helpless after learning they have no ability to change the outcome (seligman)

Question 49

Taste Aversion

Answer 49

An active dislike for a particular food, developed through conditioning