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IB HL Biology II > Unit 7: Movement and Nervous Systems > Flashcards

Unit 7: Movement and Nervous Systems Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the two parts of the nervous system?

A
  • central nervous system
  • peripheral nervous system
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2
Q

Peripheral Nervous System (2)

A
  • nerves extending from the spinal cord
  • nerves radiate from spinal cord and connect to tissue
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3
Q

Central Nervous System

A

brain and spinal cord

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4
Q

How does the nervous system communicate with the body? (2)

A
  • nerve impulses are sent by the nervous system
  • there are electrical impulses carried along neurons to target tissues
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5
Q

What does the body have interpret the outside world?

A

sensory receptors

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6
Q

What do sensory receptors detect? (5)

A
  • heat
  • pressure
  • chemicals
  • pain
  • light
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7
Q

What does the sense of sight use to perceive things?

A

light

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8
Q

What does the sense of hearing use to perceive things? (2)

A
  • vibrations
  • changes in air pressure
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9
Q

What do the senses of smell and taste use to perceive things?

A

chemicals

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10
Q

What does the sense of touch use to perceive things?

A

pressure

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11
Q

What is the process of receiving information through receptors?

A

receptors send signals through sensory neurons to CNS through relay neurons

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12
Q

What is a response to a signal?

A

an action

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13
Q

Where are actions to stimuli sent to from the CNS?

A

motor neurons

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14
Q

Neuron

A

cell in the nervous system

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15
Q

What is function of a neuron?

A

sending and receiving information

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16
Q

Dendrites (2)

A
  • projections from neurons that receive information
  • because there are several dendrites, neurons can receive a lot of information at once
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17
Q

Axon (2)

A
  • signal travels down
  • covered in myelin
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18
Q

Myelin Sheath

A

discontinuous covering around the axon that speeds up the process of signal transmission

19
Q

Nodes of Ranvier

A

non-myelinated areas of axon where signal transmission is slowed down

20
Q

Diffusion

A

spreading of something

21
Q

Facilitated Diffusion

A

still passive, but a channel is needed

22
Q

Active Transport

A

require energy to move against gradient

23
Q

Ion

A

charged molecule

24
Q

Na-K Pump

A

pumps ions across a membrane

25
Q

How are impulses transmitted in an axon during action potential?

A

through the reversal of charges on 2 sides of a membrane

26
Q

How does the reversal of charges take place?

A

through the movement of ions

26
Q

Where does a neuron have a negative charge?

A

on the inside

27
Q

Action Potential (2)

A
  • reversal of charges occurs and the impulse is transmitted
  • arises due to differential concentrations of Na+ and K+
28
Q

What is action potential measured in?

A

volts

29
Q

How many steps are there in nerve impulse?

A

6

30
Q

What are the stages of sending a nerve impulse? (6)

A
  1. Resting Potential
  2. Threshold
  3. Depolarization
  4. Repolarization
  5. Refractory Period
  6. Restoration
31
Q

Resting Potential (4)

A
  • both ion channels are closed
  • resting potential is -70 mV
  • the negative charge is due to unequal distribution of ions around membrane, no equilibrium
  • ions want to move across because there is a gradient
32
Q

Threshold (3)

A
  • for something to happen there must be a strong enough threshold
  • action potential arrives and Na+ and K+ gates open in response to voltage change
  • critical voltage is -55 mV
33
Q

Depolarization (3)

A
  • sodium gates open quickly, allowing sodium into the cell
  • sodium enters because there is more sodium on the outside vs. inside
  • the charge of the membrane becomes positive
34
Q

What type of diffusion happens in depolarization?

A

facilitated diffusion

35
Q

Repolarization (3)

A
  • sodium gates close and potassium gate open
  • potassium gate are slower voltage gated channel, they open to allow K+ to flow out membrane
  • restore charge to negative on the inside of the membrane
36
Q

Refractory Period (3)

A
  • Na+ gates are closed and K+ gates are closing
  • K+ gates are slower to respond than Na+ gates
  • the membrane potential goes lower than resting potential during this time, no new action potential can occur
37
Q

Restoration (3)

A
  • the Na-K pump restores the Na+ and K+ back to their original positions
  • requires ATP
  • for 1 ATP 3 Na+ is pumped out and 2 K+ are pumped in
38
Q

Synaptic Transmission

A

the signal goes down the axon to the end of the neuron to be transferred

39
Q

How are signals sent from neuron to neuron?

A

as an electrical signal

40
Q

How are signals sent from neuron to organ or muscle?

A

the signal will be converted into a neurotransmitter

41
Q

What is another word for action potential

A

nerve impulse

42
Q

What is the process of Synaptic Transmission? (7)

A
  1. an action potential arrives at the end of the axon, called the synaptic knob. This is the pre-synaptic neuron
  2. The action potential opens Ca+ channels, allowing Ca+ to enter the cell. This triggers regulatory proteins to allow exocytosis to occur
  3. Neurotransmitter vesicles bind to the plasma membrane and release their contents into the synaptic gap
  4. Neurotransmitter cross gap and bind with receptor of the post-synaptic neuron
  5. Na+ channels are opened by neurotransmitters, and Na+ flows in and causes depolarization
  6. Action potential passes along post-synaptic neuron
  7. Ca+ is pumped out by active transport as the neurotransmitter is quickly broken. Na+ is also pumped out

IB HL Biology II (7 decks)

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