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IB HL Biology II > Unit 1: Ecology > Flashcards

Unit 1: Ecology Flashcards

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1
Q

species

A

includes organisms that have potential to interbreed successfully with each other and their offspring are able to do the same

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2
Q

What does the definition of species not apply to?

A

asexually reproducing organisms

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3
Q

population

A

contain members of the same species and may or may not be in the same area

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4
Q

What does population ecology look at?

A

factors affecting the growth and decline of a population

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5
Q

What is an example of population ecology?

A

humans

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6
Q

What are some increasing factors of the human population? (3)

A
  • there are more precautions that can be taken to eliminate disease and injury
  • there is ore control exercise over agriculture and domestication, so there is more food that lasts
  • life expectancy has increased
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7
Q

What are some decreasing factors of the human population? (4)

A
  • human population is expected to stop growing
  • people are having less children
  • increased mortality
  • emigration
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8
Q

community

A

a group of populations (different species) that interact with each other

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9
Q

What does community ecology focus on?

A

competitive interactions between the different species

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10
Q

What are the ways organisms interact with each other? (3)

A
  • predator-prey relationship
  • competition
  • symbiosis
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11
Q

predator-prey relationship

A

there is a positive effect for the predator and a negative effect for the prey

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12
Q

competition

A

organism will compete for food, space and resources

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13
Q

What are the types of competition? (2)

A
  • intraspecific
  • interspecific
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14
Q

Intraspecific

A

competition between same species

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15
Q

Interspecific

A

competition between different species

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16
Q

What is an example of competition?

A

humans

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17
Q

What do humas compete for? (5)

A
  • food
  • space
  • water
  • access to natural resources
  • mates
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18
Q

symbiosis

A

various types of relationships between organisms

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19
Q

What are the types of symbiosis? (3)

A
  • parasitism
  • mutualism
  • commensalism
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20
Q

parasitism

A

parasite benefits host does not

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21
Q

What is an example of parasitism? (2)

A
  • dog and flea
  • flea uses dog for food and shelter, does not kill because it wants to live
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22
Q

mutualism

A

both organisms benefit from the relationship

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23
Q

What is an example of mutualism? (2)

A
  • flowers and bees
  • flower pollinate and gains variation while bees get nectar
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24
Q

commensalism

A

One organism benefits while the other one is neutral

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25
Q

What is an example of commensalism? (2)

A
  • monarch and viceroy butterfly
  • monarchs are not eaten because of they eat milkweed, something birds cannot digest, so the viceroy benefits from looking similar to the monarch
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26
Q

ecosystem

A

the interaction between a community and the relevant abiotic factors

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27
Q

abiotic factors

A

nonliving things

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28
Q

What are some examples of abiotic factors? (3)

A
  • weather
  • natural disasters
  • viruses
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29
Q

What does ecosystem ecology look at? (3)

A
  • energy flow
  • nutrient cycles
  • feeding relationships
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30
Q

What are the modes of nutrition? (2)

A
  • autotrophs
  • heterotrophs
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31
Q

autotroph

A

produce own nutrition from inorganic sources, also known as a producer

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32
Q

What is the exception to the typical photoautotroph?

A

chemoautotrophs

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33
Q

chemoautotroph (2)

A
  • produce food from chemicals
  • usually located at the bottom of the ocean where there are fissures
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34
Q

heterotroph

A

acquire energy from an outside organism and takes in its molecules for nutrition

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34
Q

What is an example of a heterotroph?

A

humans

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35
Q

What are the types of heterotrophs? (3)

A
  • consumers
  • saprotrophs
  • detritivores
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36
Q

consumer

A

digest other living organisms by ingestion

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37
Q

What is an example of a consumer?

A

humans

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38
Q

saprotroph (2)

A
  • obtain organic nutrients by absorption of dead organisms
  • digestion is external by enzymes
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39
Q

What is an example of a saprotroph?

A

mushrooms

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40
Q

detritivores

A

obtains nutrients from eating detritus (decaying plants for animal feces); also known as decomposers

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41
Q

What is an example of a detritivore?

A

flies

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42
Q

Why is random sampling done in population surveys?

A

it is a faster shortcut

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43
Q

What is the process of setting up a test in ecology? (3)

A
  • randomly choose squares to survey
  • count the number of individuals in each square and extrapolate the total for all squares
  • chi-squared can be used
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44
Q

chi-squared test

A

looks at an association between 2 living things

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45
Q

mesocosm

A

a small self-sustaining ecosystem model

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46
Q

What are the requirements for a mesocosm? (3)

A
  • energy source
  • way to recycle nutrients
  • waste removal
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47
Q

What do mesocosms allow?

A

the study of ecosystem dynamics under controlled conditions

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48
Q

What is the problem with being a large organism? (4)

A
  • more food is required for energy
  • caloric requirements must be met
  • there is the issue of gravity
  • there is the issue of heating and cooling
49
Q

What organism is the best at heating and cooling?

A

human

50
Q

What do all living things need to survive?

A

energy

51
Q

What is the ultimate source of energy?

A

the sun

52
Q

What limits food chains, food webs, and trophic levels?

A

energy flow

53
Q

How does photosynthesis provide energy?

A
  • it takes sunlight and uses it to produce glucose
  • the energy is stored in the glucose, which can be broken down to release energy as ATP
54
Q

How does cellular respiration provide energy?

A

is takes glucose breaks it down
and ATP is released

55
Q

What causes energy flow to limit food chains and food webs?

A

only a portion of the energy from food that is consumed is used for building an organism

56
Q

What can organisms not do with energy?

A

convert heat to other forms of energy for use

57
Q

What are some of the roles in an ecosystem? (3)

A
  • producers
  • consumers
  • decomposers
58
Q

What do the roles of the ecosystem influence? (2)

A
  • food chains
  • food webs
59
Q

What percentage of energy passes through trophic levels?

A

10%

60
Q

trophic level

A

different levels of feeding

61
Q

How high can a food chain get?

A

up to the 8th level

62
Q

What can cause the balance of a food chain or food web to be disrupted?

A

an increase or decrease in a group

63
Q

What is an example of a disrupted food chain?

A

the lack of wolves at Yellowstone

64
Q

food chain

A

a sequence of organisms in successive trophic levels within a community

65
Q

food web

A

the feeding connections between organisms in a biotic community

66
Q

What is the difference between a food chain and a food web?

A

a food web expresses that one organism can consume many things

67
Q

pyramid of energy

A

the base is a producer with the most energy as it goes up each by each trophic level, the energy decreases

68
Q

What are ways potential energy is lost? (3)

A
  • heating and cooling
  • undigested tissue
  • waste products
69
Q

What are organic compounds used for?

A

building tissue and organisms

70
Q

What organic compound cannot be directly used to build tissue?

A

inorganic compounds

71
Q

What are examples of inorganic compounds? (3)

A
  • carbon dioxide
  • carbon monoxide
  • methane
72
Q

What is and organic compound that heterotrophs cannot use that autotrophs can?

A

CO2

73
Q

What is the main part of the carbon cycle?

A

CO2 being expelled into the atmosphere as a waste product then absorbed by autotrophs

74
Q

How is CO2 consumed by heterotrophs?

A

CO2 is consumed in food, it is then converted to carbohydrates, which is digested and assimilated

75
Q

What is the fact about energy and nutrients?

A

energy is basically infinite, but nutrients are limited

76
Q

What is the main source of energy for the earth?

A

the sun

77
Q

How many fossil fuels are there?

A

3

78
Q

What are the 3 fossil fuels?

A
  • natural gas
  • coal
  • oil
79
Q

What is the most common natural gas?

A

methane (CH4)

80
Q

methane

A

a natural gas that is a crucial compound in the C cycle

81
Q

What is methane used for? (4)

A
  • cooking
  • heating home
  • heating dryers
  • heating water
82
Q

How is methane produced?

A

by anaerobic bacteria via fermentation (in places like cow guts and rice paddies)

83
Q

What does methane act as in the atmosphere?

A

a greenhouse gas

84
Q

What does methane burn as?

A

fuel that oxidizes as CO2 and H2O

85
Q

What is coal made of?

A

plants that have been dead for hundreds of years

86
Q

What is the process of making coal? (2)

A
  • decayed matter in swampy conditions becomes peat
  • pressure + time + heat = coal
87
Q

What is the process of making petroleum (oil)? (4)

A
  • organisms in the water will die
  • organisms will get trapped in sediment
  • oxygen is forced out and pressure is added
  • sediment becomes oil
88
Q

combustion

A

burning in the presence of oxygen

89
Q

What is the other name for fossil fuels?

A

fossilized hydrocarbons

90
Q

What is another way of explaining the formation of fossil fuels?

A

over geologic time scale decaying organic matter becomes fossil fuels

91
Q

What does the combustion of hydrocarbons result in?

A

release of CO2 into the atmosphere

92
Q

Where else can CO2 be absorbed?

A

in the ocean

93
Q

What are places in the ocean that CO2 can be stored in? (4)

A
  • in living tissue
  • in coral reefs
  • as sediment on the bottom
  • dissolved in ocean water
94
Q

What can CO2 become in the ocean?

A

calcium carbonate (shells and reefs), a carbon sink

95
Q

What does too much absorption of CO2 by the ocean cause?

A

the ocean to become more acidic (lower pH)

96
Q

What is the carbon cycle?

A

cycle where carbon is exchanged between the different spheres of the Earth

97
Q

greenhouse effect

A

atmospheric gases trapping longwave radiation (heat) from escaping into space

98
Q

Why should the greenhouse effect not be removed?

A

it would cause life not to exist on earth because the temperatures would no longer be hospitable

99
Q

ozone layer

A

composed of O3 that protects the earth from the sun’s UV radiation

100
Q

What had been happening to the ozone layer for the past few decades? (2)

A
  • hole had been developing in the ozone layer due to harmful chemicals in thing like hairspray
  • the hole are fixing themselves now because those chemicals have been banned
101
Q

Are the greenhouse effect and ozone layer related?

A

no

102
Q

What does the sun send out? (2)

A

large amounts of radiation and energy

103
Q

What does the earth’s atmosphere block? (2)

A

the suns radiation and energy

104
Q

What radiation does make it through the earth’s ozone layer? (2)

A

longwave and shortwave

105
Q

What is another name for longwave radiation?

A

infrared (heat)

106
Q

What type of radiation is heat?

A

one that can be absorbed or reflected

107
Q

What is another name for shortwave radiation?

A

ultraviolet

108
Q

What happened infrared radiation when it comes into contact with earth?

A
  • some is absorbed into the earth’s surface
  • some is reflected and trapped by greenhouse gases
109
Q

How has the greenhouse gas effect been enhanced?

A

through increased output of CO2 causing temperatures to rise

110
Q

What are some examples of greenhouse gases? (5)

A
  • CO2
  • CH4
  • H2O
  • NOx
  • O3
111
Q

What does NOx stand for?

A

nitrous oxides

112
Q

What are the two most important greenhouse gases? (2)

A
  • H2O
  • CO2
113
Q

Which greenhouse gas levels have risen and caused a rise in temperature? (3)

A
  • CO2
  • CH4
  • NOx
114
Q

Which two greenhouse gases have more heating capability?

A
  • CH4
  • NOx
115
Q

What is the main cause of climate change?

A

combustion of fossil fuels

116
Q

What is the reason why the effect of climate change may not be as severe?

A

oceans absorb CO2 too

117
Q

Why is it good that the ocean absorbs CO2 from the atmosphere?

A

it does not heat the planet

118
Q

Why is it bad that the ocean absorbs CO2 from the atmosphere? (2)

A
  • the presence of carbonic acid causes the pH of the ocean to drop
  • marine ecosystems are disrupted causing the denaturing of enzymes
119
Q

How is carbonic acid made?

A

CO2 dissolving in H2O

IB HL Biology II (7 decks)

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