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IB HL Biology II > Unit 4: Reproduction > Flashcards

Unit 4: Reproduction Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the components of the male reproductive system? (9)

A
  • testes
  • scrotum
  • epididymis
  • penis
  • urethra
  • prostate
  • seminal vesicle
  • bladder
  • vas deferens
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2
Q

Testes (2)

A
  • produces sperm
  • it is outside the body because the optimal temperature for producing sperm is below body temp
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3
Q

Epididymis

A

finishes sperm production

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4
Q

Vas deferens (2)

A
  • the tube where sperm leaves
  • passes through prostate
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5
Q

What are the components of the female reproductive system? (8)

A
  • fallopian tube
  • ovary
  • uterus
  • bladder
  • urethra
  • vagina
  • cervix
  • large intestine
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6
Q

Ovaries

A

where eggs are produced

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7
Q

Fallopian Tube

A
  • where gametes will be released
  • this is where pregnancy occurs
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8
Q

Uterus

A

where the zygote implants itself, develops, and becomes a fetus

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9
Q

Cervix

A

junction between vagina and uterus

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10
Q

When does puberty begin in males? (2)

A
  • upon an increase in testosterone production
  • starts around age 13 or 14
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11
Q

Where is testosterone produced?

A

the testes

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12
Q

What do high testosterone levels cause?

A

the display of secondary sex characteristics

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13
Q

What are the male secondary sex characteristics? (8; choose 4 or 5 to remember)

A
  • increase in bodily hair (chest and face)
  • the larynx grows and the voice deepens
  • seminal fluids are produced and ejaculation is possible
  • genitals increase in size
  • testes drop away from the body
  • bones and skeletal muscle undergo growth
  • personality development
  • changes in behavior
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14
Q

When does puberty begin in females? (2)

A
  • increased release of estrogen by the ovaries
  • begins around age 13 or 14
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15
Q

What do higher estrogen levels cause?

A

the display of secondary sex characteristics

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16
Q

What are the female secondary sex characteristics? (4)

A
  • breasts increase in size
  • pubic and armpit hair increases
  • genitals increase in size
  • pelvis growth and adipose tissue is deposited around it
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17
Q

How many hormones are the menstrual and ovarian cycles controlled by?

A

4

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18
Q

What hormones control the menstrual and ovarian cycles? (4)

A
  • estrogen
  • progesterone
  • LH
  • FSH
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19
Q

Where are estrogen and progesterone secreted from?

A

the ovaries via the corpus luteum

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20
Q

Where are LH and FSH secreted from?

A

anterior pituitary gland

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21
Q

Where does oogenesis take place?

A

in the ovaries

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22
Q

What are the stages of oogenesis? (6)

A

1) diploid oogonium (stem cell) divide by mitosis, then grow into large diploid primary oocytes
2) Primary oocytes being to go through meiosis I and follicle cells grow around them
3) Follicle matures and grows in size
4) After puberty begins, ovulation occurs and meiosis I is complete
5) Corpus luteum grows
6) Corpus luteum degenerates, completing cycle

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23
Q

What part of oogenesis takes place before birth? (2)

A
  • the division of the oogonium into primary oocytes
  • females are born with around 500,000 of them
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24
Q

What happens during oogenesis after puberty? (3)

A
  • ovulation occurs
  • haploid secondary oocyte travels through fallopian tube to the endometrium
  • Meiosis also produces polar body
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25
Q

What happens if a secondary oocyte is not fertilized?

A

the secondary oocyte is shed from the menses

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26
Q

Polar Body (PB)

A

small unfunctional cell that is broken down then absorbed into the body

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27
Q

What happens if a secondary oocyte is fertilized?

A

meiosis II occurs to become a haploid ovum with another polar body

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28
Q

Where does spermatogenesis occur?

A

in the seminiferous tubules of the testes

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29
Q

What are the stages of spermatogenesis? (5)

A

1) Diploid spermatogonium (stem cell) divides by mitosis
2) Spermatogonium divide by mitosis and grow into diploid primary spermatocytes
3) Phase I of meiosis (beginning after puberty) produces haploid secondary spermatocytes
4) Phase II of meiosis produces haploid spermatids which are nourished by Sertoli cells and differentiate into spermatozoa
5) Spermatozoa mix fluids to become semen

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30
Q

How many steps are there to fertilization?

A

6

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31
Q

What is the process of fertilization? (6)

A
  1. Sperm enter woman and become fully capacitated; they use chemical signals to reach the egg as it swims past the cervix and into a fallopian tube
  2. Hundreds of sperm bind to zona pellucida, triggering
    acrosome reaction
  3. Proteases in the acrosome are released, digest zona pellucida and allow sperm to reach plasma membrane
  4. A single sperm membrane fuses with the egg plasma membrane; the egg prevents more sperm from entering
  5. Oocyte performs meiosis II
  6. Nuclei of sperm and egg undergo mitosis. A 2-celled diploid zygote is formed.
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32
Q

How does the egg prevent more sperm from binding to its plasma membrane? (2)

A
  • fast block polyspermy
  • slow block polyspermy
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33
Q

Fast block polyspermy

A

when the oocyte’s membrane depolarizes

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34
Q

Slow block polyspermy

A

Cortical granules in the egg react with the zona pellucida, forming a tough, impermeable layer

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35
Q

How long can an oocyte be fertilized after ovulation?

A

12-24 hours

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36
Q

For how long can sperm remain viable?

A

4 days

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37
Q

What happens after fertilization?

A

the zygote migrates towards the
endometrium, while undergoing cleavage

38
Q

How many steps are there to early embryo development?

A

6

39
Q

What is the process of early embryo development? (6)

A
  1. Ovulation
  2. Fertilization
  3. Cleavage begins after fertilization
  4. After 4-5 days, the embryo (now blastocyst) reaches the end of the fallopian tube
  5. Blastocyst (made up of 100 cells) implants into the endometrium
  6. Enzymes in the blastocyst allow it to penetrate the
    endometrium, and the endometrium begins to envelop the blastocyst
40
Q

Blastocyst (3)

A
  • hollow ball of cells
  • outer layer called trophoblast; later develops into placenta
  • inner mass develops into embryo; contains pluripotent stem cells
41
Q

Placenta

A

structure connected to the uterus where nutrients are exchanged between the mother and child

42
Q

What does the placenta do? (3)

A
  • Through the umbilical cord, components are exchanged between fetal and maternal blood
  • secrete estrogen and progesterone after 2 months
  • BLOOD IS NOT EXCHANGED
43
Q

What is a structural component of the placenta?

A

chorionic villi, which increase the
surface area for exchange

44
Q

What types of things are exchanged between mother and child? (2)

A
  • glucose
  • oxygen
45
Q

Amniocentesis (2)

A
  • the removal of amniotic fluid which contains fetal cells
  • fetal cells are tested for chromosomal abnormalities
46
Q

How many steps are there to in vitro fertilization (IVF)?

A

6

47
Q

What is the process of IVF? (6)

A
  1. the female’s menstrual cycle is stopped
  2. FSH is injected in order to stimulate growth of numerous follicles
  3. hCg (in place of LH) is injected to make it easier to harvest the follicles
  4. The oocytes are extracted and mixed with semen
  5. Any eggs which have fertilized are kept to be re-inserted into the woman
  6. The early embryos still must implant into the uterine wall in order to pregnancy to occur
48
Q

Where is sperm produced?

A

in the seminiferous tubules

49
Q

What do the seminal vesicles and prostate gland produce?

A

fluids that mix with sperm during ejaculation

50
Q

What does semen contain? (3)

A
  • sperm
  • fructose
  • alkaline mucus
51
Q

Why does semen need fructose?

A

fructose is a sugar that allows the sperm to move

52
Q

Why does semen need alkaline mucus?

A

to navigate the acidic environment of the urethra and vagina

53
Q

How many hormones are involved in spermatogenesis?

A

3

54
Q

What hormones are involved in spermatogenesis? (3)

A
  • FSH
  • LH
  • Testosterone
55
Q

What does FSH do in spermatogenesis?

A

activate Sertoli cells to induce primary spermatocytes to undergo meiosis I to become secondary spermatocytes

56
Q

What does LH do in spermatogenesis?

A

stimulates secretion of testosterone by the testes

57
Q

What does testosterone do in spermatogenesis?

A

stimulates development of secondary spermatocytes into spermatids, maintain all stages of spermatogenesis

58
Q

What secretes testosterone?

A

Leydig cells in the testes

59
Q

Sertoli cells

A

nourish developing sperm and are activated by FSH

60
Q

How many hormones are involved in the menstrual cycle?

A

4

61
Q

What hormones are involved in the menstrual cycle? (4)

A
  • LH
  • FSH
  • Estrogen
  • Progesterone
62
Q

What are the stages of the ovarian cycle? (3)

A
  1. Follicular phase
  2. Ovulation
  3. Luteal Phase
63
Q

What happens in the follicular phase? (5)

A
  1. begins on day 1
  2. FSH levels rise stimulating follicle cells to grow
  3. follicle releases estrogen and estrogen stimulates follicle to grow (positive feedback)
  4. high estrogen levels causes LH to surge and the spike causes meiosis I to complete
  5. 1 follicle cell grows large enough that the secondary oocyte bursts out
64
Q

What happens during ovulation?

A

24 hours after LH surge secondary oocyte is released into the fallopian tube

65
Q

What happens during the luteal phase? (4)

A
  1. follicle becomes corpus luteum
  2. corpus luteum mainly produces estrogen, but also produces progesterone
  3. corpus luteum degenerates as secondary oocyte migrates to the uterus
  4. if there is no fertilization, the corpus luteum degenerates, progesterone and estrogen levels fall, and FSH rises
66
Q

How many stages are in the uterine cycle?

A

3

67
Q

What are the stages of the uterine cycle?

A
  1. Menses
  2. Proliferative Phase
  3. Secretory Phase
68
Q

What happens during the menses phase? (3)

A
  1. endometrium of uterus is shed along with unfertilized eff
  2. low levels of progesterone activates menstruation
  3. menstruation ends during follicular phase as estrogen levels rise
69
Q

What happens during the proliferative phase? (3)

A
  1. estrogen causes endometrium to grow
  2. endometrium thickens and repairs itself
  3. this phase ends at ovulation as estrogen levels decrease and progesterone levels begin to rise
70
Q

What happens during the secretory phase? (2)

A
  1. progesterone causes vascularization of the endometrium
  2. phase ends when corpus luteum degenerates, progesterone levels fall, and endometrium is shed
71
Q

What happens to the uterine cycle if an oocyte is fertilized?

A
  • second division of meiosis occurs and menses is inhibited
  • no new follicle will develop
72
Q

What does LH do in the menstrual cycle? (2)

A
  • causes corpus luteum to grow
  • causes ovulation
73
Q

What does FSH do in the menstrual cycle?

A

stimulate follicle growth

74
Q

What does estrogen do in the menstrual cycle? (3)

A
  • stimulate LH secretion prior to ovulation
  • inhibits FSH
  • repairs uterine lining
75
Q

What does progesterone do in the menstrual cycle? (2)

A
  • prepares uterus for implantation
  • inhibits LH and FSH
76
Q

What are the components of a sperm cell? (6)

A
  • haploid nucleus
  • plasma membrane
  • centriole
  • flagellum
  • mitochondria
  • acrosome
77
Q

mitochondria

A

produces the ATP needed to move and swim

78
Q

acrosome

A

pouch of digestive enzymes

79
Q

What are some structures in the testes? (2)

A
  • Leydig cells
  • Sertoli cells
80
Q

Leydig cells (2)

A
  • produce testosterone
  • not inside the tubes
81
Q

Sertoli cells (2)

A
  • nourish developing sperm
  • inside tubes
82
Q

What are some of the structures in the oocyte?

A
  • corona radiata
  • zona pellucida
  • plasma membrane
  • cytoplasm
  • haploid nucleus
83
Q

Corona Radiata

A

go around the outside of cells, layer of follicle cells that stick around the egg

84
Q

Zona Pellucida

A

extra layer of glycoproteins

85
Q

Cytoplasm

A

contains centrioles and cortical granules

86
Q

What hormones are needed throughout pregnancy? (2)

A
  • estrogen
  • progesterone
87
Q

What does the blastocyst secrete when it implants into the uterus?

A

hCG

88
Q

hCG

A

prevents the corpus luteum from degenerating, allowing continued secretion of progesterone and estrogen

89
Q

Amniotic Sac (3)

A
  • surround developing embryo
  • acts as a shock absorber
  • helps with temperature regulation
90
Q

What is the process of birth? (4)

A
  1. pregnancy ends as progesterone levels fall, it allows oxytocin to be made
  2. oxytocin causes the uterine walls to contract and the contractions cause more oxytocin to be released (positive feedback)
  3. The cervix opens and the amniotic sac bursts, releasing amniotic fluid
  4. Fetus is pushed out the uterus, the umbilical cord is cut, and the placenta is expelled

IB HL Biology II (7 decks)

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