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IB HL Biology II > Unit 3: Digestion, Circulation, and Gas Exchange > Flashcards

Unit 3: Digestion, Circulation, and Gas Exchange Flashcards

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1
Q

How many functions are there in the digestive system?

A

4

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2
Q

What are the 4 functions of the digestive system?

A
  • ingestion
  • digestion
  • absorption
  • assimilation
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3
Q

Ingestion (2)

A
  • the act of taking food into the body
  • done through mouth
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4
Q

Digestion (4)

A
  • begins in the mouth
  • breaking down of large food molecules into smaller ones by enzymes in saliva glands
  • tongue forms food into an oval shape
  • food goes down the esophagus
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5
Q

Esophagus

A

made of muscles that allow for food to go down to stomach

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6
Q

Why is digestion necessary?

A

nutrient molecules need to be made small enough so absorption can take place and the organism can get energy and build its tissues

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7
Q

Absorption

A

nutrients are broken into molecules that go into the blood stream

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8
Q

Assimilation

A

nutrients become a part of the tissue

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9
Q

What are the structures of the digestive system? (8)

A
  • mouth
  • esophagus
  • stomach
  • small intestine
  • large intestine
  • liver
  • pancreas
  • gallbladder
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10
Q

How many main digestive enzymes are there?

A

3

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11
Q

What are the main digestive enzymes? (3)

A
  • amylase
  • pepsin
  • lipase
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12
Q

Where is amylase located?

A

salivary glands

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13
Q

Where is pepsin located?

A

stomach wall

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14
Q

Where is lipase located?

A

pancreas

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15
Q

What is the substrate to amylase?

A

starch

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16
Q

What is the substrate to pepsin?

A

proteins

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17
Q

What is the substrate to lipase?

A

triglycerides

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18
Q

What is the product of amylase?

A

small maltose

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19
Q

What is the product of pepsin?

A

peptides

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20
Q

What is the product of lipase? (2)

A
  • fatty acids
  • glycerol
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21
Q

What is the optimum pH for amylase?

A

7

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22
Q

What is the optimum pH for pepsin?

A

1.5

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23
Q

What is the optimum pH for lipase?

A

7

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24
Q

Stomach (2)

A
  • responsible for storing food and digesting proteins
  • acidity is very low, so it also destroys many food born pathogens
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25
Q

What is after the stomach?

A

the small intestine

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26
Q

What is at the beginning of the small intestine?

A

the duodenum

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27
Q

Duodenum

A

connected to the liver, gall bladder, and pancreas where the liver and pancreas release bile salts and the pancreas releases enzymes

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28
Q

What pancreatic enzymes are released? (3)

A
  • pancreatic lipase
  • pancreatic amylase
  • trypsin
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29
Q

What does the occurrences of the duodenum allow for?

A

food to be further broken down into chyme

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30
Q

Large Intestine (colon)

A

responsible for reclaiming water and removing solid waste

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31
Q

What can lead to colon cancer? (3)

A
  • not eating enough fiber
  • less activity
  • little liquid
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32
Q

Small Intestine (3)

A
  • responsible for more digestion, and absorption of nutrients
  • 25 ft
  • food becomes chyme here, any food that move past the small intestine becomes waste
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33
Q

Why does it take longer for lipids to be digested in the small intestine?

A

lipids and fats stick together in clumps

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34
Q

Emulsification (3)

A
  • breaking of fat clumps into tiny droplets
  • allows for increased surface area for catalysis by lipase
  • nutrients are then absorbed by small intestine
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35
Q

What allows for the emulsification of fats?

A

bile salts from the liver and gall bladder

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36
Q

What structure is directly linked to the absorptive function of the small intestine?

A

the villi

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37
Q

Villi (2)

A
  • small, fingerlike projections increase the surface area available for absorption
  • the villi are further folded into microvilli, further increasing surface area
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38
Q

What is right under the villi?(2)

A
  • blood vessels
  • allows for food to be absorbed actively through a membrane
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39
Q

Why is a single layer of epithelial cells over the villi helpful?

A

nutrients are able to easily pass through the membrane

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40
Q

Why are many mitochondria in the single epithelial layer of the villi?

A

they are needed for active transport of amino acids and large carbohydrates

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41
Q

Where do fats and cholesterol go?

A

into the lymph system

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42
Q

Goblet Cells (2)

A
  • secrete mucous that capture food and lubricate the intestinal wall
  • located on villi
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43
Q

Peristalsis (2)

A
  • involuntary smooth muscle contraction all through digestive system, happens with circular and longitudinal muscles
  • prevents backflow
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44
Q

How many functions the liver perform?

A

5

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45
Q

What are the functions of the liver? (5)

A
  1. storage of nutrients - glycogen
  2. break down of red blood cells
  3. secretion of bile for fat emulsification
  4. production of cholesterol
  5. breakdown of toxic substances
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46
Q

How do we store glucose?

A

in glycogen

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47
Q

How does lipase aid in breaking down fat clumps?

A

it breaks down the outer part of the fat clumps

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48
Q

What are examples of the assimilation of nutrients into tissue? (3)

A
  • glucose is assimilated in the body then stored as glycogen in the liver and skeletal muscles
  • proteins are assimilated into the body and the amino acids contribute to muscles
  • triglycerides are broken down into fatty acids then, stored in fat tissue
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49
Q

What is the circulatory system made up of? (2)

A
  • heart
  • blood vessels
50
Q

What does the heart do as it pumps blood?

A

contract and relax

51
Q

What is the direction of blood flow? (15)

A
  • vena cava
  • right atrium
  • AV valve
  • pulmonary artery
  • lungs
  • pulmonary vein
  • left atrium
  • AV values
  • left ventricle
  • semilunar valve
  • aorta
  • arteries
  • tissue
  • veins
  • vena cava
52
Q

How does blood move through the heart?

A

the blood with less oxygen goes to the lungs, then the heart pumps the oxygen rich blood to the rest of the body

53
Q

Coronary Arteries

A

supply the heart itself with oxygen and nutrients that allow for waste to be expelled

54
Q

Why does the heart need coronary arteries?

A
  • oxygen is needed by the heart muscle cells because they need a lot to be able to pump as much as it does
  • oxygen is needed for cellular respiration
55
Q

How do heart attacks happen?

A

coronary arteries are clogged with plaque

56
Q

What are ways to fix the effects of a heart attack? (3)

A
  • altering diet
  • taking medicine
  • bypass surgery
57
Q

What is the structural difference between the left and right side of the heart?

A

the walls of the left side are thicker than the right

58
Q

Why is the left side of the heart thicker than the right?

A

the left side must pump blood to the rest of the body

59
Q

Why are valves one way?

A

it allows for blood to pump in one direction

60
Q

Atria

A

collect blood

61
Q

Ventricles

A

pump blood

62
Q

Arteries

A

carries blood away from the heart

63
Q

Veins

A

bring blood back to the heart

64
Q

Capillaries

A

exchange gasses between tissues and blood

65
Q

Valves

A

one way gates regulating volume of blood flow

66
Q

What is the function of blood?

A

to carry oxygen and CO2, as well as nutrients, to tissues

67
Q

What is the composition of blood? (4)

A
  • red blood cells
  • glucose
  • hormones
  • oxygen
68
Q

How many types of blood vessels are there? (3)

A
  • arteries
  • veins
  • capillaries
69
Q

Arteries

A

carries blood away from the heart

70
Q

What provides the force to move blood through the arteries?

A

the left ventricle

71
Q

What are some characteristics of arteries? (5)

A
  • high pressure
  • thick walls
  • made of elastic and fibrous tissue
  • small lumen
  • the ability to expand and contract
72
Q

Why is blood pressure higher in the arteries?

A

the arteries compress the blood

73
Q

How is high pressure developed in the arteries? (2)

A
  • thick layer leave little space for the blood, which creates pressure
  • high volume & low space = pressure
74
Q

Why is blood able to move forward in arteries?

A

there is more blood behind it

75
Q

What happens to blood in the arteries as you go further from the heart?

A

The volume of blood gets smaller

76
Q

Veins

A

move blood towards the heart

77
Q

What are some characteristics of veins? (4)

A
  • thin walls
  • low pressure
  • have valves
  • no elastic or fibrous tissue
78
Q

Where are veins typically located?

A

between skeletal muscles

79
Q

How is blood moved through the veins?

A

when the skeletal muscles contract, blood is pushed through

80
Q

Why is pressure low in veins? (2)

A
  • walls are thin
  • lumen is large
81
Q

Capillaries (2)

A
  • small and numerous, branch from arteries and veins
  • capillaries penetrate tissues in order to exchange oxygen and CO2
82
Q

What are some characteristics of capillaries? (4)

A
  • have a single layer of cells
  • branch out
  • regulate blood pressure
  • regulate body temp
83
Q

Why is it helpful that capillaries have a single layer of cells?

A

single layer of cells which allow the gasses to easily diffuse through the surrounding fluid

84
Q

Why is branching helpful in capillaries? (3)

A
  • provide greater surface area
  • small size creates pressure gradient
  • easy to clot if damaged
85
Q

Myogenic

A

the heart is able to beat involuntarily where it beats independently and causes its won contraction

86
Q

What is unique about the heart? (2)

A
  • it has its own bundle of nerves
  • it is myogenic
87
Q

Sinoatrial (SA) node

A
  • located in the right atrium of the heart and serves as a pacemaker
  • it sends out an electrical signal which causes contraction first in the atria then in the ventricles
88
Q

How does the brain control the heart?

A

through releasing hormones such as epinephrine which speeds up the heart rate

89
Q

Blood Pressure

A

measures the pressure exerted on arterial walls

90
Q

Systolic

A

the high blood pressure, when ventricles contract and blood is forced through the arteries

91
Q

Diastolic

A

the lowest pressure, when the ventricles are refilling with blood

92
Q

Hypertension

A

high blood pressure

93
Q

What are some causes of high blood pressure?

A

less space in the blood vessels

94
Q

What can cause for there to be less space in blood vessels?(3)

A
  • high cholesterol
  • salts
  • saturated fats
95
Q

Hypertension (2)

A
  • low blood pressure
  • blood cannot deliver oxygen as fast
  • individuals with it have poorer circulation
96
Q

Atherosclerosis

A

the hardening of the arteries due to plaque buildup, and blockage of the flow of blood

97
Q

What can be the result of atherosclerosis? (2)

A
  • chest pain
  • heart attack
98
Q

What are common causes of heart issues? (3)

A
  • smoking
  • high cholesterol diet
  • high blood pressure
99
Q

What are some respiratory diseases? (3)

A
  • cystic fibrosis
  • pneumonia
  • lung caner
100
Q

What are components of the ventilation system? (6)

A
  • trachea
  • bronchi
  • bronchioles
  • lungs
  • alveoli
  • diaphragm
101
Q

Process of Ventilation

A
  • Nose
  • Mouth
  • Trachea
  • Bronchi
  • Bronchioles
  • Alveoli
102
Q

What happens at the alveoli?

A

oxygen is exchanged with CO2

103
Q

How does breathing occur? (2)

A
  • negative pressure
  • pulled down the trachea into the lungs
104
Q

Inhalation

A

ribcage is lifted by external intercostal muscles, while the diaphragm contracts, abdominal muscles open

105
Q

What happens to pressure and and volume during inhalation? (2)

A
  • volume of lungs increase, so pressure drops
  • air is brought into the body from outside where pressure is higher
106
Q

Exhalation

A

ribcage drops as internal intercostal muscles contract, and the diaphragm relaxes, abdominal walls collapse inward

107
Q

What happens to pressure and volume during exhalation? (2)

A
  • lung volume decreases, so pressure rises
  • air flows out the body to area of low pressure
108
Q

Gas Exchange

A
  • the process which takes place in the alveoli, oxygen is exchanged for CO2 in the blood
  • CO2 is generated by cellular respiration, oxygen is needed in order to generate adequate amounts of ATP
109
Q

Ventilation (2)

A
  • simply breathing
  • getting rid of CO2 filled air and bring in oxygen rich air
110
Q

Why is the respiratory system necessary?

A

so cells have adequate amounts of oxygen for cellular respiration

111
Q

What is breathing rate mainly controlled by? (3)

A
  • CO2 levels
  • High CO2 levels will decrease pH
  • the brain will send a signal to regulate this
112
Q

What are characteristics of the alveoli? (4)

A
  • spherical
  • single celled walls
  • thin coating of liquid
  • surrounded by capillary beds
113
Q

Why is the structure of the alveoli helpful?

A

it increases surface area for gas exhchange

114
Q

Why is a single celled alveoli layer helpful?

A

so gasses can easily diffuse through

115
Q

Why is the alveoli being covered in a thin coating of liquid helpful?

A

it enhances the dissolving and diffusing of gasses

116
Q

Why is being surrounded by capillary beds helpful to surrounding alveoli?

A

it ensures easy passage of gasses

117
Q

Type 1 Pneumocyte

A

cells that are thin, and adapted for gas exchange

118
Q

Type 2 Pneumocytes

A

cells that secrete surfactant, which helps keep the alveoli from collapsing

118
Q

What to alveoli do as they fill with air?

A

expand and contract

119
Q

What resides in the alveoli?

A

immune cells

IB HL Biology II (7 decks)

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