Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

IB HL Biology II > Unit 2: Classification and Evolution > Flashcards

Unit 2: Classification and Evolution Flashcards

1
Q

Why do we classify? (2)

A
  • for the purpose of identification
  • to show relatedness
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What does it mean when organisms are grouped closely?

A

it implies common ancestry

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Common Ancestry

A

organisms are closely related

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What does is mean when organisms are not grouped closely? (2)

A
  • organisms are not as closely related
  • implies a distant common ancestor
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Levels of taxa

A

an 8 level system used for classifying organisms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is the most inclusive taxon?

A

domain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

How many levels of taxa are there?

A

8

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are the levels of taxa? (8)

A
  • domain
  • kingdom
  • phylum
  • class
  • order
  • family
  • genus
  • species
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Which taxon is the most inclusive?

A

domain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are the kingdoms organisms are split into? (6)

A
  • plantae
  • animalia
  • fungi
  • protoctistae
  • archaebacteria
  • eubacteria
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

prokaryotes (2)

A
  • no nucleus
  • no compartmentalization
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

eukaryotes (2)

A
  • nucleus
  • compartmentalization
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are the domains? (3)

A
  • archaebacteria
  • eubacteria
  • eukarya
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

How many domains are there?

A

3

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is an example of archaebacteria?

A

bacteria in salt lakes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is an example of eubacteria?

A

e. coli

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is unique about the plant kingdom?

A

all members of the plant kingdom will share fundamental characteristics not shared by other kingdoms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What happens when getting more specific in taxa? What is an example? (2)

A
  • characteristics of the more general taxa must be shared
  • example: if 2 plants were divided at the family level, they must share characteristics of the class, phylum, and kingdom to which they belong
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is the classification of the peregrine falcon? (8)

A

Domain - Eukaryote
Kingdom - Animalia
Phylum - Chordata
Class - Aves
Order - Falconiformes
Family - Falconidae
Genus - Falco
Species - peregrinus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is the classification of the white oak? (8)

A

Domain - Eukaryote
Kingdom - Plantae
Phylum - Spermatophyta
Class - Angiospermae
Order - Dicotyledae
Family - Fagaceae
Genus - Quercus
Species - alba

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

How do you format the scientific name of an organism? (4)

A
  • refer to the genus and species
  • italicize them
  • genus is capitalized
  • first letter of the genus is abbreviated
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is an example of a scientific name?

A

E. coli

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

How many plant classes are there?

A

4

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What are the 4 plant classes?

A
  • bryophyte
  • filicinophyte
  • coniferophyte
  • angiosperm
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What are the characteristics of bryophytes? (6)

A
  • no vascular system
  • no differentiated tissue
  • small
  • no seeds
  • either male or female
  • requires water for reproduction
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What is an example of a bryophyte?

A

moss

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What are characteristics of filicinophytes? (4)

A
  • vascular tissue
  • no seeds
  • sporophyte
  • water for reproduction
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What is an example of a filicinophyte?

A

ferns

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What are characteristics of coniferophytes? (6)

A
  • extensive vascular tissue
  • most have cones with seeds
  • no flowers or fruit
  • needles instead of leaves
  • sporophyte
  • wind for reproduction
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What is an example of a coniferophyte?

A

pine cones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What are characteristics of angiosperms? (5)

A
  • extensive vascular tissue
  • seeds
  • flowers and/or fruit
  • lots of variation
  • relies on pollinators for reproduction
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What type of group does evolution effect?

A

populations

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What must happen for evolution to occur?

A

genetic change

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

How does genetic change in a population happen? (3)

A
  • meiosis
  • sexual recombination
  • mutations
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

What is an example of evidence of evolution?

A

wolves evolving to different dog breeds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

How does the evolution from wolves to dogs happen?

A

selective breeding

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

What is another name for selective breeding?

A

artificial selection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

What is an example of a homologous structure?

A

pentadactyl limb

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Pentadactyl Limb (2)

A
  • the forelimbs of mammals share the same skeletal elements because they diverged from a common ancestor
  • similar structures have different functions
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Homologous Structure

A

show similarity in characteristics as a result of descent from a common ancestor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

Vestigial Structure

A

structures that also exhibit common ancestry as remnants of formerly functional structures that are no longer used

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

Fossil

A

the preserved remains of any organism from the past

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

What are the limitations of fossils? (2)

A
  • the only thing preserved of fossil is bone, no tissue
  • there are not records for everything
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

What are fossils useful for?

A

understanding transitional forms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

Transitional Forms

A

those that link one group to another such as fish to amphibs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

What is an example of a transitional form? (2)

A
  • acanthostega
  • marine animal that had similarities to fish, amphibs, and reptiles
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

What happens to species when they are geologically separated? (4)

A
  • originally they can breed
  • evolution causes change in a population
  • DNA will begin to differ as they develop more genetic changes
  • they will become unable to interbreed even though they have similar DNA
48
Q

Ring Species

A

adjacent population may interbreed, further ones may not

49
Q

What is an example of a ring species?

A

west coast salamanders

50
Q

When can the environment direct evolution in a population?

A

by favoring certain characteristics upon environmental change

51
Q

What is an example of industrial melanism? (2)

A
  • moths in Great Britain
  • increased industrialization caused for there to be more black moths
52
Q

How does natural selection apply to the industrial melanism example?

A

natural selection pushed survival of specific forms even though the variation was always present

53
Q

How many steps are there to natural selection?

54
Q

What are the steps of natural selection? (5)

A
  1. Variety must exist or else natural selection does not work
  2. Organisms have unequal rates of reproduction success
  3. Organisms have differing likelihoods of survival/competition
  4. Reproduction
  5. Favorable characteristics build up allowing for the population to display certain traits
55
Q

fitness

A

likelihood of an organism’s survival to reproduce

56
Q

high fitness

A

more offspring can be produced

57
Q

low fitness

A

fewer offspring can be produced

58
Q

competition

A

shows whether or not a form is favorable or not

59
Q

How do birds display competition? (2)

A
  • health
  • abundance of color
60
Q

Heredity

A

genes that are passed on from parent to child

61
Q

What is favorability based on? (2)

A
  • the environment
  • if the environment changes the organism either adapts or dies
62
Q

Evolution (2)

A
  • the result of the accumulation of new alleles in a certain population of one species
  • changes in allele frequencies
63
Q

Macroevolution

A

large changes in population (possible new species)

64
Q

Microevolution

A

change within a species

65
Q

How is variety generated?

A

through evolution’s randomness

66
Q

How is evolution directed?

A

by organisms’ choice in mates

67
Q

How can bacteria become resistant antibiotics? (2)

A
  • using something that kills 99.9% of bacteria allows the harder ones to kill to survive
  • the next generation will be more tolerant to antibiotics
68
Q

How is natural selection involved in some bacterias’ resistance to antibiotics?

A

the fittest ones live to survive and stronger bacteria reproduce

69
Q

What is an example of a bacteria that is resistant to antibiotics?

A

staphylocuccus aureus

70
Q

What organism is an example of evolution in action? (2)

A
  • Caribbean Anoles
  • their varying leg lengths allow them to be better adapted to their habitats
71
Q

What is unique about anoles from specific islands?

A

there are similar varieties, but the ones on each island are more closely related than a similar lizard from another island

72
Q

Convergent Evolution

A

natural selection based on similar environmental pressures

73
Q

Phenotype Plasticity

A

development based on environment

74
Q

Adaptive Radiation

A

the rapid evolutionary diversification of a single ancestral line

75
Q

Allele

A

version of a gene where the organism has two copies of each

76
Q

How can genotype frequency be determined?

A

by measuring phenotype frequency

77
Q

What does genotype frequency allow us to do?

A

measure the changes in allele frequencies in a given gene pool

78
Q

What happens from one generation to the next in evolution?

A

the introduction of new gene frequencies which sometimes results in a new species

79
Q

What do strong natural selection pressures lead to?

A

evolution in less time

80
Q

What is the process of adaptive radiation? (3)

A
  • individuals begin to exploit unique niches in new area
  • variety leads to fitter individuals in those conditions
  • overtime unique adaptations to these specific environments can be supported by natural selection and lead to speciation
81
Q

What is an example of adaptive radiation? (4)

A
  • Galapagos Islands finches
  • finches had a common ancestor that flew to the islands
  • finches broke off from each other and gained traits specific to their habitat
  • resulted in 15 different species
82
Q

What leads to speciation? (3)

A
  • adaptions to different conditions as a result of natural selection and the accumulation of genes
  • isolation
  • reducing gene flow
83
Q

Stabilizing Selection (2)

A
  • reduces variety and bring about similarity in organisms due to strong selection pressures
  • no introduction of new species
84
Q

What is an example of stabilizing selection? (2)

A
  • human birth weight
  • average wights are easier for both baby and mother
85
Q

Directional Selection (2)

A
  • takes an extreme phenotype of a population and causes it to be favored over other varieties
  • no introduction of a new species
86
Q

What is an example of directional selection? (2)

A
  • giraffe neck length
  • longer neck allows for better access to food, so they can compete
87
Q

Disruptive Selection (2)

A
  • occurs when several extreme phenotypes are favored, and the population becomes divided into distinct groups
  • introduces new species
88
Q

What is an example of disruptive selection? (2)

A
  • finch beak size
  • they are split into groups because of isolation allowing for rise of different types of beaks
89
Q

Allopatric Speciation

A

individuals become geographically isolated and no longer interact with each other

90
Q

What are examples of allopatric speciation? (2)

A
  • oceans
  • volcanic eruption
91
Q

Sympatric Isolation (2)

A
  • organisms choose not to mate despite being in the same area
  • behavioral
92
Q

How can sympatric isolation be responsible for the introduction of a new species?

A

reproduction ensures they cannot mate with each other

93
Q

What is an example of sympatric isolation?

A

if a bird does not do the right mating dance then mating will not occur

94
Q

What happens when alleles are isolated?

A

less gene flow

95
Q

What are ways that gene flow can be reduced? (4)

A
  • physical separation
  • behavioral separation
  • mutations
  • new traits
96
Q

Temporal Isolation

A

if one cannot mate due to timing and availability

97
Q

What is an example of temporal isolation?

A
  • pandas
  • female pandas are only fertile 1-2 days a year and are not always around males
98
Q

Gametic Isolation

A

when hybrids are sterile

99
Q

What is an example of gametic isolation?

A

a mule is sterile

100
Q

Mechanical Isolation

A

when mating is physically impossible

101
Q

What is an example of mechanical isolation?

A
  • chihuahua and saint bernard
  • size difference
102
Q

Polyploidy

A

an uncommon case of speciation that occurs when can organism has extra chromosomes

103
Q

When is polyploidy common? (2)

A
  • in plants which allows for variation
  • crossing between different plants will sometimes result in the offspring having different number of chromosomes
104
Q

Why is polyploidy useful in plants?

A

is results in new varieties

105
Q

What are the terms used to describe the pace of evolution? (2)

A
  • gradualism
  • punctuated equilibrium
106
Q

Gradualism

A

theory that changes in allele frequencies remain slow and constant over time

107
Q

Punctuated Equilibrium

A

theorizes that long periods of time pass without speciation events, followed by rapid spurts of evolution, usually caused by some natural disaster or climate change

108
Q

What do both terms for the pace of evolution describe? (2)

A
  • microevolution
  • macroevolution
109
Q

Cladistics

A

a field that creates history by showing patterns of lineage from an ancestor

110
Q

How are organisms classified in cladistics? (2)

A
  • based on their evolutionary relationships as determined by molecular and genetic similarity
  • done using cytochromes
111
Q

Clade (2)

A
  • a group of organisms that evolve from a common ancestor
  • share inherited characteristics
112
Q

What diagrams does cladistics use? (2)

A
  • cladograms
  • tree diagrams
113
Q

What is a cladogram composed of? (2)

A
  • clades that begin at a point/node
  • organisms that share a common ancestor
114
Q

What does the branch length of a cladogram denote and why? (2)

A
  • amount of time passed
  • due to the fact that mutations arise at a relatively constant rate
115
Q

How must organisms be grouped?

A

based on common ancestry

116
Q

Analogous Characteristics (2)

A
  • similar function, different structure
  • happens because of convergent evolution
117
Q

What is an example of analogous characteristics? (2)

A
  • birds and bees
  • they both have wings, but it does not mean they are closely related since the wings have different structures

IB HL Biology II (7 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions