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IB HL Biology II > Unit 2: Classification and Evolution > Flashcards

Unit 2: Classification and Evolution Flashcards

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1
Q

Why do we classify? (2)

A
  • for the purpose of identification
  • to show relatedness
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2
Q

What does it mean when organisms are grouped closely?

A

it implies common ancestry

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3
Q

Common Ancestry

A

organisms are closely related

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4
Q

What does is mean when organisms are not grouped closely? (2)

A
  • organisms are not as closely related
  • implies a distant common ancestor
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5
Q

Levels of taxa

A

an 8 level system used for classifying organisms

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6
Q

What is the most inclusive taxon?

A

domain

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7
Q

How many levels of taxa are there?

A

8

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8
Q

What are the levels of taxa? (8)

A
  • domain
  • kingdom
  • phylum
  • class
  • order
  • family
  • genus
  • species
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9
Q

Which taxon is the most inclusive?

A

domain

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10
Q

What are the kingdoms organisms are split into? (6)

A
  • plantae
  • animalia
  • fungi
  • protoctistae
  • archaebacteria
  • eubacteria
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11
Q

prokaryotes (2)

A
  • no nucleus
  • no compartmentalization
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12
Q

eukaryotes (2)

A
  • nucleus
  • compartmentalization
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13
Q

What are the domains? (3)

A
  • archaebacteria
  • eubacteria
  • eukarya
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14
Q

How many domains are there?

A

3

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15
Q

What is an example of archaebacteria?

A

bacteria in salt lakes

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16
Q

What is an example of eubacteria?

A

e. coli

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17
Q

What is unique about the plant kingdom?

A

all members of the plant kingdom will share fundamental characteristics not shared by other kingdoms

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18
Q

What happens when getting more specific in taxa? What is an example? (2)

A
  • characteristics of the more general taxa must be shared
  • example: if 2 plants were divided at the family level, they must share characteristics of the class, phylum, and kingdom to which they belong
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19
Q

What is the classification of the peregrine falcon? (8)

A

Domain - Eukaryote
Kingdom - Animalia
Phylum - Chordata
Class - Aves
Order - Falconiformes
Family - Falconidae
Genus - Falco
Species - peregrinus

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20
Q

What is the classification of the white oak? (8)

A

Domain - Eukaryote
Kingdom - Plantae
Phylum - Spermatophyta
Class - Angiospermae
Order - Dicotyledae
Family - Fagaceae
Genus - Quercus
Species - alba

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21
Q

How do you format the scientific name of an organism? (4)

A
  • refer to the genus and species
  • italicize them
  • genus is capitalized
  • first letter of the genus is abbreviated
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22
Q

What is an example of a scientific name?

A

E. coli

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23
Q

How many plant classes are there?

A

4

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24
Q

What are the 4 plant classes?

A
  • bryophyte
  • filicinophyte
  • coniferophyte
  • angiosperm
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25
Q

What are the characteristics of bryophytes? (6)

A
  • no vascular system
  • no differentiated tissue
  • small
  • no seeds
  • either male or female
  • requires water for reproduction
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26
Q

What is an example of a bryophyte?

A

moss

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27
Q

What are characteristics of filicinophytes? (4)

A
  • vascular tissue
  • no seeds
  • sporophyte
  • water for reproduction
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28
Q

What is an example of a filicinophyte?

A

ferns

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29
Q

What are characteristics of coniferophytes? (6)

A
  • extensive vascular tissue
  • most have cones with seeds
  • no flowers or fruit
  • needles instead of leaves
  • sporophyte
  • wind for reproduction
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30
Q

What is an example of a coniferophyte?

A

pine cones

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31
Q

What are characteristics of angiosperms? (5)

A
  • extensive vascular tissue
  • seeds
  • flowers and/or fruit
  • lots of variation
  • relies on pollinators for reproduction
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32
Q

What type of group does evolution effect?

A

populations

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33
Q

What must happen for evolution to occur?

A

genetic change

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34
Q

How does genetic change in a population happen? (3)

A
  • meiosis
  • sexual recombination
  • mutations
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35
Q

What is an example of evidence of evolution?

A

wolves evolving to different dog breeds

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36
Q

How does the evolution from wolves to dogs happen?

A

selective breeding

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37
Q

What is another name for selective breeding?

A

artificial selection

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38
Q

What is an example of a homologous structure?

A

pentadactyl limb

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39
Q

Pentadactyl Limb (2)

A
  • the forelimbs of mammals share the same skeletal elements because they diverged from a common ancestor
  • similar structures have different functions
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40
Q

Homologous Structure

A

show similarity in characteristics as a result of descent from a common ancestor

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41
Q

Vestigial Structure

A

structures that also exhibit common ancestry as remnants of formerly functional structures that are no longer used

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42
Q

Fossil

A

the preserved remains of any organism from the past

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43
Q

What are the limitations of fossils? (2)

A
  • the only thing preserved of fossil is bone, no tissue
  • there are not records for everything
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44
Q

What are fossils useful for?

A

understanding transitional forms

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45
Q

Transitional Forms

A

those that link one group to another such as fish to amphibs

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46
Q

What is an example of a transitional form? (2)

A
  • acanthostega
  • marine animal that had similarities to fish, amphibs, and reptiles
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47
Q

What happens to species when they are geologically separated? (4)

A
  • originally they can breed
  • evolution causes change in a population
  • DNA will begin to differ as they develop more genetic changes
  • they will become unable to interbreed even though they have similar DNA
48
Q

Ring Species

A

adjacent population may interbreed, further ones may not

49
Q

What is an example of a ring species?

A

west coast salamanders

50
Q

When can the environment direct evolution in a population?

A

by favoring certain characteristics upon environmental change

51
Q

What is an example of industrial melanism? (2)

A
  • moths in Great Britain
  • increased industrialization caused for there to be more black moths
52
Q

How does natural selection apply to the industrial melanism example?

A

natural selection pushed survival of specific forms even though the variation was always present

53
Q

How many steps are there to natural selection?

A

5

54
Q

What are the steps of natural selection? (5)

A
  1. Variety must exist or else natural selection does not work
  2. Organisms have unequal rates of reproduction success
  3. Organisms have differing likelihoods of survival/competition
  4. Reproduction
  5. Favorable characteristics build up allowing for the population to display certain traits
55
Q

fitness

A

likelihood of an organism’s survival to reproduce

56
Q

high fitness

A

more offspring can be produced

57
Q

low fitness

A

fewer offspring can be produced

58
Q

competition

A

shows whether or not a form is favorable or not

59
Q

How do birds display competition? (2)

A
  • health
  • abundance of color
60
Q

Heredity

A

genes that are passed on from parent to child

61
Q

What is favorability based on? (2)

A
  • the environment
  • if the environment changes the organism either adapts or dies
62
Q

Evolution (2)

A
  • the result of the accumulation of new alleles in a certain population of one species
  • changes in allele frequencies
63
Q

Macroevolution

A

large changes in population (possible new species)

64
Q

Microevolution

A

change within a species

65
Q

How is variety generated?

A

through evolution’s randomness

66
Q

How is evolution directed?

A

by organisms’ choice in mates

67
Q

How can bacteria become resistant antibiotics? (2)

A
  • using something that kills 99.9% of bacteria allows the harder ones to kill to survive
  • the next generation will be more tolerant to antibiotics
68
Q

How is natural selection involved in some bacterias’ resistance to antibiotics?

A

the fittest ones live to survive and stronger bacteria reproduce

69
Q

What is an example of a bacteria that is resistant to antibiotics?

A

staphylocuccus aureus

70
Q

What organism is an example of evolution in action? (2)

A
  • Caribbean Anoles
  • their varying leg lengths allow them to be better adapted to their habitats
71
Q

What is unique about anoles from specific islands?

A

there are similar varieties, but the ones on each island are more closely related than a similar lizard from another island

72
Q

Convergent Evolution

A

natural selection based on similar environmental pressures

73
Q

Phenotype Plasticity

A

development based on environment

74
Q

Adaptive Radiation

A

the rapid evolutionary diversification of a single ancestral line

75
Q

Allele

A

version of a gene where the organism has two copies of each

76
Q

How can genotype frequency be determined?

A

by measuring phenotype frequency

77
Q

What does genotype frequency allow us to do?

A

measure the changes in allele frequencies in a given gene pool

78
Q

What happens from one generation to the next in evolution?

A

the introduction of new gene frequencies which sometimes results in a new species

79
Q

What do strong natural selection pressures lead to?

A

evolution in less time

80
Q

What is the process of adaptive radiation? (3)

A
  • individuals begin to exploit unique niches in new area
  • variety leads to fitter individuals in those conditions
  • overtime unique adaptations to these specific environments can be supported by natural selection and lead to speciation
81
Q

What is an example of adaptive radiation? (4)

A
  • Galapagos Islands finches
  • finches had a common ancestor that flew to the islands
  • finches broke off from each other and gained traits specific to their habitat
  • resulted in 15 different species
82
Q

What leads to speciation? (3)

A
  • adaptions to different conditions as a result of natural selection and the accumulation of genes
  • isolation
  • reducing gene flow
83
Q

Stabilizing Selection (2)

A
  • reduces variety and bring about similarity in organisms due to strong selection pressures
  • no introduction of new species
84
Q

What is an example of stabilizing selection? (2)

A
  • human birth weight
  • average wights are easier for both baby and mother
85
Q

Directional Selection (2)

A
  • takes an extreme phenotype of a population and causes it to be favored over other varieties
  • no introduction of a new species
86
Q

What is an example of directional selection? (2)

A
  • giraffe neck length
  • longer neck allows for better access to food, so they can compete
87
Q

Disruptive Selection (2)

A
  • occurs when several extreme phenotypes are favored, and the population becomes divided into distinct groups
  • introduces new species
88
Q

What is an example of disruptive selection? (2)

A
  • finch beak size
  • they are split into groups because of isolation allowing for rise of different types of beaks
89
Q

Allopatric Speciation

A

individuals become geographically isolated and no longer interact with each other

90
Q

What are examples of allopatric speciation? (2)

A
  • oceans
  • volcanic eruption
91
Q

Sympatric Isolation (2)

A
  • organisms choose not to mate despite being in the same area
  • behavioral
92
Q

How can sympatric isolation be responsible for the introduction of a new species?

A

reproduction ensures they cannot mate with each other

93
Q

What is an example of sympatric isolation?

A

if a bird does not do the right mating dance then mating will not occur

94
Q

What happens when alleles are isolated?

A

less gene flow

95
Q

What are ways that gene flow can be reduced? (4)

A
  • physical separation
  • behavioral separation
  • mutations
  • new traits
96
Q

Temporal Isolation

A

if one cannot mate due to timing and availability

97
Q

What is an example of temporal isolation?

A
  • pandas
  • female pandas are only fertile 1-2 days a year and are not always around males
98
Q

Gametic Isolation

A

when hybrids are sterile

99
Q

What is an example of gametic isolation?

A

a mule is sterile

100
Q

Mechanical Isolation

A

when mating is physically impossible

101
Q

What is an example of mechanical isolation?

A
  • chihuahua and saint bernard
  • size difference
102
Q

Polyploidy

A

an uncommon case of speciation that occurs when can organism has extra chromosomes

103
Q

When is polyploidy common? (2)

A
  • in plants which allows for variation
  • crossing between different plants will sometimes result in the offspring having different number of chromosomes
104
Q

Why is polyploidy useful in plants?

A

is results in new varieties

105
Q

What are the terms used to describe the pace of evolution? (2)

A
  • gradualism
  • punctuated equilibrium
106
Q

Gradualism

A

theory that changes in allele frequencies remain slow and constant over time

107
Q

Punctuated Equilibrium

A

theorizes that long periods of time pass without speciation events, followed by rapid spurts of evolution, usually caused by some natural disaster or climate change

108
Q

What do both terms for the pace of evolution describe? (2)

A
  • microevolution
  • macroevolution
109
Q

Cladistics

A

a field that creates history by showing patterns of lineage from an ancestor

110
Q

How are organisms classified in cladistics? (2)

A
  • based on their evolutionary relationships as determined by molecular and genetic similarity
  • done using cytochromes
111
Q

Clade (2)

A
  • a group of organisms that evolve from a common ancestor
  • share inherited characteristics
112
Q

What diagrams does cladistics use? (2)

A
  • cladograms
  • tree diagrams
113
Q

What is a cladogram composed of? (2)

A
  • clades that begin at a point/node
  • organisms that share a common ancestor
114
Q

What does the branch length of a cladogram denote and why? (2)

A
  • amount of time passed
  • due to the fact that mutations arise at a relatively constant rate
115
Q

How must organisms be grouped?

A

based on common ancestry

116
Q

Analogous Characteristics (2)

A
  • similar function, different structure
  • happens because of convergent evolution
117
Q

What is an example of analogous characteristics? (2)

A
  • birds and bees
  • they both have wings, but it does not mean they are closely related since the wings have different structures

IB HL Biology II (7 decks)

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