Unit 2: Classification and Evolution Flashcards
1
Q
Why do we classify? (2)
A
- for the purpose of identification
- to show relatedness
2
Q
What does it mean when organisms are grouped closely?
A
it implies common ancestry
3
Q
Common Ancestry
A
organisms are closely related
4
Q
What does is mean when organisms are not grouped closely? (2)
A
- organisms are not as closely related
- implies a distant common ancestor
5
Q
Levels of taxa
A
an 8 level system used for classifying organisms
6
Q
What is the most inclusive taxon?
A
domain
7
Q
How many levels of taxa are there?
A
8
8
Q
What are the levels of taxa? (8)
A
- domain
- kingdom
- phylum
- class
- order
- family
- genus
- species
9
Q
Which taxon is the most inclusive?
A
domain
10
Q
What are the kingdoms organisms are split into? (6)
A
- plantae
- animalia
- fungi
- protoctistae
- archaebacteria
- eubacteria
11
Q
prokaryotes (2)
A
- no nucleus
- no compartmentalization
12
Q
eukaryotes (2)
A
- nucleus
- compartmentalization
13
Q
What are the domains? (3)
A
- archaebacteria
- eubacteria
- eukarya
14
Q
How many domains are there?
A
3
15
Q
What is an example of archaebacteria?
A
bacteria in salt lakes
16
Q
What is an example of eubacteria?
A
e. coli
17
Q
What is unique about the plant kingdom?
A
all members of the plant kingdom will share fundamental characteristics not shared by other kingdoms
18
Q
What happens when getting more specific in taxa? What is an example? (2)
A
- characteristics of the more general taxa must be shared
- example: if 2 plants were divided at the family level, they must share characteristics of the class, phylum, and kingdom to which they belong
19
Q
What is the classification of the peregrine falcon? (8)
A
Domain - Eukaryote
Kingdom - Animalia
Phylum - Chordata
Class - Aves
Order - Falconiformes
Family - Falconidae
Genus - Falco
Species - peregrinus
20
Q
What is the classification of the white oak? (8)
A
Domain - Eukaryote
Kingdom - Plantae
Phylum - Spermatophyta
Class - Angiospermae
Order - Dicotyledae
Family - Fagaceae
Genus - Quercus
Species - alba
21
Q
How do you format the scientific name of an organism? (4)
A
- refer to the genus and species
- italicize them
- genus is capitalized
- first letter of the genus is abbreviated
22
Q
What is an example of a scientific name?
A
E. coli
23
Q
How many plant classes are there?
A
4
24
Q
What are the 4 plant classes?
A
- bryophyte
- filicinophyte
- coniferophyte
- angiosperm
25
What are the characteristics of bryophytes? (6)
- no vascular system
- no differentiated tissue
- small
- no seeds
- either male or female
- requires water for reproduction
26
What is an example of a bryophyte?
moss
27
What are characteristics of filicinophytes? (4)
- vascular tissue
- no seeds
- sporophyte
- water for reproduction
28
What is an example of a filicinophyte?
ferns
29
What are characteristics of coniferophytes? (6)
- extensive vascular tissue
- most have cones with seeds
- no flowers or fruit
- needles instead of leaves
- sporophyte
- wind for reproduction
30
What is an example of a coniferophyte?
pine cones
31
What are characteristics of angiosperms? (5)
- extensive vascular tissue
- seeds
- flowers and/or fruit
- lots of variation
- relies on pollinators for reproduction
32
What type of group does evolution effect?
populations
33
What must happen for evolution to occur?
genetic change
34
How does genetic change in a population happen? (3)
- meiosis
- sexual recombination
- mutations
35
What is an example of evidence of evolution?
wolves evolving to different dog breeds
36
How does the evolution from wolves to dogs happen?
selective breeding
37
What is another name for selective breeding?
artificial selection
38
What is an example of a homologous structure?
pentadactyl limb
39
Pentadactyl Limb (2)
- the forelimbs of mammals share the same skeletal elements because they diverged from a common ancestor
- similar structures have different functions
40
Homologous Structure
show similarity in characteristics as a result of descent from a common ancestor
41
Vestigial Structure
structures that also exhibit common ancestry as remnants of formerly functional structures that are no longer used
42
Fossil
the preserved remains of any organism from the past
43
What are the limitations of fossils? (2)
- the only thing preserved of fossil is bone, no tissue
- there are not records for everything
44
What are fossils useful for?
understanding transitional forms
45
Transitional Forms
those that link one group to another such as fish to amphibs
46
What is an example of a transitional form? (2)
- acanthostega
- marine animal that had similarities to fish, amphibs, and reptiles
47
What happens to species when they are geologically separated? (4)
- originally they can breed
- evolution causes change in a population
- DNA will begin to differ as they develop more genetic changes
- they will become unable to interbreed even though they have similar DNA
48
Ring Species
adjacent population may interbreed, further ones may not
49
What is an example of a ring species?
west coast salamanders
50
When can the environment direct evolution in a population?
by favoring certain characteristics upon environmental change
51
What is an example of industrial melanism? (2)
- moths in Great Britain
- increased industrialization caused for there to be more black moths
52
How does natural selection apply to the industrial melanism example?
natural selection pushed survival of specific forms even though the variation was always present
53
How many steps are there to natural selection?
5
54
What are the steps of natural selection? (5)
1. Variety must exist or else natural selection does not work
2. Organisms have unequal rates of reproduction success
3. Organisms have differing likelihoods of survival/competition
4. Reproduction
5. Favorable characteristics build up allowing for the population to display certain traits
55
fitness
likelihood of an organism's survival to reproduce
56
high fitness
more offspring can be produced
57
low fitness
fewer offspring can be produced
58
competition
shows whether or not a form is favorable or not
59
How do birds display competition? (2)
- health
- abundance of color
60
Heredity
genes that are passed on from parent to child
61
What is favorability based on? (2)
- the environment
- if the environment changes the organism either adapts or dies
62
Evolution (2)
- the result of the accumulation of new alleles in a certain population of one species
- changes in allele frequencies
63
Macroevolution
large changes in population (possible new species)
64
Microevolution
change within a species
65
How is variety generated?
through evolution's randomness
66
How is evolution directed?
by organisms' choice in mates
67
How can bacteria become resistant antibiotics? (2)
- using something that kills 99.9% of bacteria allows the harder ones to kill to survive
- the next generation will be more tolerant to antibiotics
68
How is natural selection involved in some bacterias' resistance to antibiotics?
the fittest ones live to survive and stronger bacteria reproduce
69
What is an example of a bacteria that is resistant to antibiotics?
staphylocuccus aureus
70
What organism is an example of evolution in action? (2)
- Caribbean Anoles
- their varying leg lengths allow them to be better adapted to their habitats
71
What is unique about anoles from specific islands?
there are similar varieties, but the ones on each island are more closely related than a similar lizard from another island
72
Convergent Evolution
natural selection based on similar environmental pressures
73
Phenotype Plasticity
development based on environment
74
Adaptive Radiation
the rapid evolutionary diversification of a single ancestral line
75
Allele
version of a gene where the organism has two copies of each
76
How can genotype frequency be determined?
by measuring phenotype frequency
77
What does genotype frequency allow us to do?
measure the changes in allele frequencies in a given gene pool
78
What happens from one generation to the next in evolution?
the introduction of new gene frequencies which sometimes results in a new species
79
What do strong natural selection pressures lead to?
evolution in less time
80
What is the process of adaptive radiation? (3)
- individuals begin to exploit unique niches in new area
- variety leads to fitter individuals in those conditions
- overtime unique adaptations to these specific environments can be supported by natural selection and lead to speciation
81
What is an example of adaptive radiation? (4)
- Galapagos Islands finches
- finches had a common ancestor that flew to the islands
- finches broke off from each other and gained traits specific to their habitat
- resulted in 15 different species
82
What leads to speciation? (3)
- adaptions to different conditions as a result of natural selection and the accumulation of genes
- isolation
- reducing gene flow
83
Stabilizing Selection (2)
- reduces variety and bring about similarity in organisms due to strong selection pressures
- no introduction of new species
84
What is an example of stabilizing selection? (2)
- human birth weight
- average wights are easier for both baby and mother
85
Directional Selection (2)
- takes an extreme phenotype of a population and causes it to be favored over other varieties
- no introduction of a new species
86
What is an example of directional selection? (2)
- giraffe neck length
- longer neck allows for better access to food, so they can compete
87
Disruptive Selection (2)
- occurs when several extreme phenotypes are favored, and the population becomes divided into distinct groups
- introduces new species
88
What is an example of disruptive selection? (2)
- finch beak size
- they are split into groups because of isolation allowing for rise of different types of beaks
89
Allopatric Speciation
individuals become geographically isolated and no longer interact with each other
90
What are examples of allopatric speciation? (2)
- oceans
- volcanic eruption
91
Sympatric Isolation (2)
- organisms choose not to mate despite being in the same area
- behavioral
92
How can sympatric isolation be responsible for the introduction of a new species?
reproduction ensures they cannot mate with each other
93
What is an example of sympatric isolation?
if a bird does not do the right mating dance then mating will not occur
94
What happens when alleles are isolated?
less gene flow
95
What are ways that gene flow can be reduced? (4)
- physical separation
- behavioral separation
- mutations
- new traits
96
Temporal Isolation
if one cannot mate due to timing and availability
97
What is an example of temporal isolation?
- pandas
- female pandas are only fertile 1-2 days a year and are not always around males
98
Gametic Isolation
when hybrids are sterile
99
What is an example of gametic isolation?
a mule is sterile
100
Mechanical Isolation
when mating is physically impossible
101
What is an example of mechanical isolation?
- chihuahua and saint bernard
- size difference
102
Polyploidy
an uncommon case of speciation that occurs when can organism has extra chromosomes
103
When is polyploidy common? (2)
- in plants which allows for variation
- crossing between different plants will sometimes result in the offspring having different number of chromosomes
104
Why is polyploidy useful in plants?
is results in new varieties
105
What are the terms used to describe the pace of evolution? (2)
- gradualism
- punctuated equilibrium
106
Gradualism
theory that changes in allele frequencies remain slow and constant over time
107
Punctuated Equilibrium
theorizes that long periods of time pass without speciation events, followed by rapid spurts of evolution, usually caused by some natural disaster or climate change
108
What do both terms for the pace of evolution describe? (2)
- microevolution
- macroevolution
109
Cladistics
a field that creates history by showing patterns of lineage from an ancestor
110
How are organisms classified in cladistics? (2)
- based on their evolutionary relationships as determined by molecular and genetic similarity
- done using cytochromes
111
Clade (2)
- a group of organisms that evolve from a common ancestor
- share inherited characteristics
112
What diagrams does cladistics use? (2)
- cladograms
- tree diagrams
113
What is a cladogram composed of? (2)
- clades that begin at a point/node
- organisms that share a common ancestor
114
What does the branch length of a cladogram denote and why? (2)
- amount of time passed
- due to the fact that mutations arise at a relatively constant rate
115
How must organisms be grouped?
based on common ancestry
116
Analogous Characteristics (2)
- similar function, different structure
- happens because of convergent evolution
117
What is an example of analogous characteristics? (2)
- birds and bees
- they both have wings, but it does not mean they are closely related since the wings have different structures
