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IB HL Biology II > Unit 5: The Immune System > Flashcards

Unit 5: The Immune System Flashcards

1
Q

What is the immune system based on?

A

recognition with the help of cell surface proteins

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2
Q

Cell Surface Proteins

A

recognize foreign bodies

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3
Q

Pathogens

A

disease causing agent

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4
Q

What are examples of pathogens? (2)

A
  • virus
  • bacteria
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5
Q

Disease

A

something that disrupts the bay and its function

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6
Q

How many ways can pathogens be transmitted?

A

6

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7
Q

What are the ways pathogens can be transmitted? (6)

A
  • contact
  • cuts
  • droplets/aerosols
  • food/water
  • sex
  • insects
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8
Q

How can pathogens be transmitted via contact? (2)

A
  • sick person touches healthy person and pathogen enters through opening
  • not washing hand makes this easier
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9
Q

How can pathogens be transmitted via cuts? (2)

A
  • pathogens enter the body and pass directly into the blood stream
  • allowing the cut to bleed allows toxins to be flushed out
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10
Q

How can pathogens be transmitted via droplets? (2)

A
  • someone sneezes on you and respiratory pathogens are breathed in
  • aerosols and droplets hold pathogens that commonly cause respiratory disease
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11
Q

How can pathogens be transmitted via food/water? (2)

A
  • pathogen enters the body through the gastrointestinal tract
  • bacteria manifests itself in meat following death after some time
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12
Q

How can pathogens be transmitted via sex? (2)

A
  • pathogens enter the body through the mucus membrane of the genitals
  • the opening and mucus membrane allow for easy entry
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13
Q

How can pathogens be transmitted via insects?

A

you get bitten by a bug, the bug leave some part of its anatomy behind, pathogen in bug gets passed

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14
Q

What the ways the body can respond to a pathogen? (2)

A
  • specifically
  • non-specifically
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15
Q

What is the first part of a non-specific immune response?

A

detection and response

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16
Q

What are immune cells called? (2)

A
  • leukocytes (white blood cells)
  • there are several kinds
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17
Q

Leukocytes

A

detect cells that don’t have the same recognition markers which warrants a response

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18
Q

What is an example of an immune response? (2)

A
  • allergic reaction
  • rejection of organ in organ transplant
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19
Q

What is an external nonspecific defense?

A

skin and mucus membranes

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20
Q

How does skin protect the body? (2)

A
  • skin is a physical barrier
  • chemical secretions like sweat (acidic)
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21
Q

How do mucus membranes protect the body? (3)

A
  • mucus membranes secrete liquid to flush away and trap pathogens
  • has lysozyme
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22
Q

Lysozyme

A

an antimicrobial protein

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23
Q

What is an internal non-specific defense?

A

phagocytes and inflammation

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24
Q

How are phagocytes and inflammation internal non-specific defenses?

A

immune cells that are non-specific cells engulf any substances not produced by the body

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25
Q

What are the most common phagocytes? (2)

A
  • neutrophils
  • macrophages
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26
Q

What do phagocytes do?

A

engulf pathogens and digest them

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27
Q

Macrophages (2)

A
  • absorb and break down pathogens
  • large cell
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28
Q

What happens after tissue damage?

A

clotting

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29
Q

What are the steps of clotting? (4)

A
  1. clotting factors are release from damaged cells
  2. prothrombin becomes thrombin
  3. thrombin catalyzes reaction of fibrogen to fibrin
  4. fibrin mesh forms over found
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30
Q

Thrombin

A

catalyzes the reaction of fibrogen to fibrin

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31
Q

Fibrin

A

forms a mesh over a wound that traps erythrocytes and dries them out

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32
Q

Allergen

A

causes an autoimmune response

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33
Q

Allergy

A

an autoimmune response to an allergen

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34
Q

Autoimmune

A

immune system attacks itself

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35
Q

What are allergens produced by?

A

basophils and mast cells

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36
Q

What do allergens release?

A

histamines

37
Q

Histamines (2)

A
  • neurotransmitters which trigger an inflammatory response
  • signals uncomfortable symptoms
38
Q

What are some symptoms brought about by histamines? (3)

A
  • vasodilation
  • wakefulness
  • anaphylaxis
39
Q

What does a pathogen that causes a specific response have?

40
Q

Antigens

A

marker proteins on the surface of cells

41
Q

Lymphocyte

A
  • cells that generate specific responses
  • all lymphocytes are leukocytes, but not all leukocytes are lymphocytes
42
Q

What are some lymphocytes? (4)

A
  • B cells
  • Helper T Cells
  • Cytotoxic T Cells
  • Natural Killer Cells
43
Q

B Cells (4)

A
  • produce antibodies
  • located in bone marrow
  • generalized stem cells
  • some remain in body after infection as memory B cells
44
Q

Antibodies

A

proteins that counteract a pathogen’s effect

45
Q

Helper T Cells (2)

A
  • help recruit other immune cells (B cells or macrophages
  • usually the result of bacterial infection
46
Q

Cytotoxic T Cells (2)

A
  • destroy infected cells of the body
  • usually the result of viral infection or tumors
47
Q

Natural Killer Cells

A

act similar to Cytotoxic T Cells

48
Q

MHC

A

the structure that represents antigens to immune cells

49
Q

What are the 2 types of MHCs? (2)

A
  • MCH 1
  • MCH 2
50
Q

MHC 1

A

found all cells of the body, present when cells are infected by a virus or cancer

51
Q

What does MHC 1 present to?

A

cytotoxic T cells for destruction

52
Q

MHC 2

A
  • only on specific immune cells that digest pathogens (macrophages)
53
Q

What does MHC 2 present to?

A

helper T cells and indirectly to B cells

54
Q

What are the steps in antibody formation? (7)

A
  1. macrophage digests pathogen leaving the antigen
  2. MHC presents antigen to other cells
  3. Helper T cells bind to antigen and become activated, secreting chemical signals
  4. B and cytotoxic T cells are activated and recruited by helper T cell signals
  5. Plasma B cells make antibodies that are specific to antigen
  6. Antibodies disrupt function of pathogens
  7. Memory B cells go into circulation for later exposure
55
Q

What are antibodies helpful for?

A

widespread infections

56
Q

When does immunity arise?

A

when memory B cells are present in the body

57
Q

What are the two types of immunity? (2)

A
  • active immunity
  • passive immunity
58
Q

Active Immunity

A

body create its own antibodies following infection

59
Q

What are the subcategories under active immunity? (2)

A
  • natural active immunity
  • artificial active immunity
60
Q

Natural Active Immunity

A

resulting from exposure and subsequent infection

61
Q

Artificial Active Immunity

A

arises as a result of vaccination

62
Q

Passive Immunity

A

body receives antibodies, but does not make them on its own

63
Q

What are the two subcategories under passive immunity? (2)

A
  • natural
  • artificial
64
Q

Natural Passive Immunity

A

from mother to fetus through placenta or milk

65
Q

Artificial Passive Immunity

A

a booster shot for rabies or tetanus

66
Q

Clonal Selection

A

when they encounter an antigen, B cells will produce copies of themselves in order to produce large numbers of identical copies of antibodies

67
Q

Antibiotics (2)

A
  • work against bacterial infections
  • disrupt some part of the bacteria’s metabolism
68
Q

What is an example of an antibiotic? (2)

A
  • penicillin works against a bacteria with peptidoglycan in its cell walls
  • penicillin prevents the cell wall from being built which kills the bacteria
69
Q

What happens if you take a large dose of antibiotics?

A

it takes some time to build the good bacteria community in your body

70
Q

What can antibiotics not be used on?

A

viruses because it would affect the cell’s metabolism

71
Q

Vaccine (2)

A
  • a part of or an inactive form of a pathogen
  • receiving vaccination activates a specific immune response to the pathogen, but without it reproducing
72
Q

What happens as a result of vaccines?

A

after the first exposure, memory B cells produce more rapid response if there is exposure to the same pathogen again

73
Q

What are the benefits of vaccination? (3)

A
  • disease, death, and disability prevention
  • allows for economic productivity
  • disease can be wiped out
74
Q

What are the risks of vaccination? (3)

A
  • made for wrong strain or there is not enough
  • the vaccine may overwhelm the immune system and leave it compromised
  • possible side effects
75
Q

Monoclonal Antibodies

A

allows for the production of large amounts of antibodies

76
Q

What is the process of making monoclonal antibodies? (4)

A
  1. antigen is injected to produce an immune response
  2. the B cells, which respond and are specific to the antigen are extracted and put in culture
  3. the B cells are combined with tumor cells to produce a hydridoma
  4. antibodies are extracted from the tumor cells and used as medication
77
Q

What are examples of the use o of monoclonal antibodies? (3)

A
  • rabies booster shot
  • pregnancy test
  • COVID test
78
Q

How do monoclonal antibodies apply to rabies booster shots? (2)

A
  • rabies antibodies are produced because rabies usually kills a person before the system responds
  • while monoclonal antibodies do not eradicate rabies, they clow the spread until the body responds enough
79
Q

hybridoma

A

fusion of activated B cell and cancer cell

80
Q

What is the cause of AIDS?

81
Q

What does HIV infect?

A

cells that have CD4 molecules and class 2 MHC cells (helper T cells and macrophages)

82
Q

What happens as a result of HIV affecting Helper T cells?

A

B cells have a diminished ability to produce antibodies, so any pathogen can kill an AIDS patient

83
Q

Where does HIV reside?

A

in the lymph nodes, which is why it is never completely destroyed by the immune system

84
Q

HIV

A

a retrovirus that synthesizes DNA from RNA with a high mutation rate

85
Q

How long does it take HIV to destroy helper T cells?

A

10 years, then the immune system is compromised and the individual is considered to have AIDS

86
Q

Why is it hard to fight off HIV?

A

it presents itself with your own antigens

87
Q

How is HIV transmitted?

A

bodily fluids

88
Q

What are ways HIV can be transmitted? (4)

A
  • sexually
  • blood transfusions
  • sharing needles
  • mother to infant

IB HL Biology II (7 decks)

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