Unit 7- Motivation, Emotion, and Personality (11-15%) Flashcards
Bulimia Nervosa
Emotional disorder with an obsessive desire to lose weight in which overeating is followed by depression, vomiting, and purging
Binge-eating disorder
Mental illness characterized by regular episodes of binge eating
Obesity
Condition of being grossly overweight
Set-point
Theory that the body has an internal control mechanism located in the hypothalamus in the brain that seeks to maintain current weight
Sexual response cycle stages
Excitement, plateau, orgasm, and resolution
Lewin: Approach- Approach Conflict
one of Kurt Lewin’s basic types of conflict; conflict dilemma where an individual is attracted to 2 appealing goals; the stress in this type of conflict is the fact that in choosing one desirable option, the individual must give up another desirable option
Lewin: Approach-Avoidance conflict
one of Kurt Lewin’s basic types of conflict; conflict dilemma where an individual is both attracted to and repelled by the same goal; the most common form of conflict; there is both good and bad about the goal; the tendency to avoid increases as an individual gets closer to the goal
Lewin: Avoidance- Avoidance conflict
one of Kurt Lewin’s basic types of conflict; conflict dilemma where an individual is attracted to 2 possibilities are undesirable or threatening and do not any positive features; people tend to “escape” the situation or choose the possibility which is the least worst or wait for the situation to resolve the conflict for the individual
Lewin: multiple approach-avoidance conflict
A conflict involving a choice between two or more options, each of which has both positive and negative aspects
James-Lange Theory of Emotion
the theory that our experience of emotion is our awareness of our physiological responses to emotional arousing stimuli
Cannon-Bard Theory of Emotion
The theory that an emotion arousing stimulus simultaneously triggers physiological responses, and the subjective experience of emotion
Schachter-Singer (two-factor) Theory of Emotion
the theory that to experience emotion one must be physically aroused and cognitively label the arousal
General Adaptation Syndrome
Describes the general response people have to a stressful event.
Positive Psychology
The science and applications related to the study of psychological strengths and positive emotions
Social Readjustment Scale
For the chance of future illness/accident through by measuring the amount of “life change units” .
Facial Feedback
The idea that facial expressions trigger the experience of emotion
Catharsis
emotional release; in psychology, the hypothesis maintains that “releasing” aggressive energy (through action or fantasy) relieves aggressive urges
Feel-good, do good phenomenon
peoples tendency to be helpful when already in a good mood
Relative deprivation
the perception that one is worse off relative to those with whom one compares ones self
Psychoneuroimmunology
the interactions among behavioral, neuroendocrine, and immunological processes of adaptation; self vs. foreign
Lymphocytes
Lymphocytes are white blood cells that travel in the blood stream and defend the body from abnormal cells, disease-causing bacteria and viruses.
Motivation
Feelings or ideas that cause us to act toward a goal
Instincts
automatic, involuntary, and unlearned responses. common motivation for animals, not in humans
Arousal Theory
we are motivated by activities that help us achieve our needed level of stimulation
Primary drives
biological needs (ex: thirst)
Instinct Theory of Motivation
all organisms are born with innate biological tendencies that help them survive. This theory suggests that instincts drive most behaviors of animals
Arousal Theory of Motivation
we do more than react only to our bodies and the environment. We are curious and have an inner drive to “go further”
Drive Reduction Theory of Motivation
the idea that a physiological need creates an aroused tension state (a drive) that motivates an organism to satisfy the need
Homeostasis
is the tendency to maintain a balanced or constant internal state; theregulation of any aspect of body chemistry.
Yerkes- Dodson Law
we might perform well at an easy task with a very high arousal level the same high level would worsen our performance on a difficult task- moderate arousal is best for most tasks
Metabolism
the least number of physical and chemical processes with which an organism must maintain to maintain life
Basal Metabolic Rate
This is the rate that we burn energy when at rest. (Ex:)When semi-starved, people will see their basal metabolic rate drop by about a quarter. And thus, their weight drops then stabilizes at about 75% of their normal weight.
Environment Eating Cues
Some of us eat even though our hypothalamus is not sending us any cues. If you are motivated to eat by external cues, such as stress, smell, or just the fact that food is in front of you, then you are en external. If you are more motivated to eat by internal cues, empty stomach, feelings of hunger, then you are an internal.
Hypothalamus
Part of the brain that controls hunger and thirst (receives neural messages from the liver)
lateral hypothalamus
if stimulated, causes you to feel hunger
ventromedial hypothalamus
when stimulated, makes you feel full.
glucostatic theory
- it is considered a central theory of hunger motivation, specifically short-term hunger motivation -idea that our bodies are motivated to keep homeostatic balance in relation of blood glucose levels. - It is theorized that there are 2 areas in the hypothalamus that motivated us to eat or to stop eating thanks to glucoreceptors that determine when blood sugar levels are optimal
Lipostatic hypothesis
hunger that assumes that there is a “set-point” which defines the baseline weight of a person. -describes the process by which the body achieves this homeostasis -One of the key elements is leptin, a hormone found in bloodstream.
Refractory period
A period immediately following stimulation during which a nerve or muscle is unresponsive to further stimulation
Estrogen
Any group of steroid hormones that promote the development and maintenance of female characteristics of the body
Testosterone
A steroid hormone that stimulates the development of male secondary sex characteristics, produced mainly in the testes
Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
Psychological, Safety, Love/belonging, esteem, self-actualization
Self-Actualization
A realization of fulfillment of one’s talents and potential
Incentive theory of motivation
Theory that focuses on motivation, involves concepts of conditioning, homeostasis and positive reinforcement
Cognitive appraisal theory
Theory that emotions are extracted from our evaluations of events that cause specific reactions in different people
Extrinsic Motivation
Behavior that is driven by external rewards such as money
Intrinsic Motivation
Behaviors that are driven by internal rewards
Over justification Effect
Occurs when an expected external incentive such as money decreases a person’s intrinsic motivation to perform a task
Self-Efficacy
One’s belief in one’s ability to succeed in specific situations or accomplish a task
Anorexia Nervosa
An emotional disorder with a desire to lose weight by refusing to eat
Adaptation-level phenomenon
describes the human tendency to judge various stimuli and situations relative to those we have previously experienced.
Karen Horney’s Theory of Personality
Karen horney believe that social and cultural conditions ,exspecially during childhood, have large effects on our personality.
Basic Anxiety
Horney’s term for being isolated or helpless
Carl Jung’s Theory of Personality
eight personality types based on the opposing attitudes of introversion and extroversion. Attitudes are predispositions for how people act.
Jung’s Persona
was the social face the individual presented to the world. The side of people that others see.
Collective unconscious
common reservoir of images derived from our species’ universal experiences.
Archetypes
Jung believed Archetypes represent fundamental human motifs of our experience as we evolved; consequentially, they evoke deep emotions.
Alfred Adler’s Theory of Personality
4 personality “types” that he distinguished based on the different levels of energy he felt they manifested.
Inferiority Complex
lack of self-worth, a doubt and uncertainty, and feelings of not measuring up to standards.often subconscious
Humanistic Theories of Personality
Rogers, Maslow and Kelly Theories that personality is based on human needs and growth
Self-actualization
the realization or fulfillment of one’s talents and potentialities, especially considered as a drive or need present in everyone
Humanistic Theorists
Freud,rogers, Maslow,Kelly, - focused on humanistic quillities rather then behaviors
Carl rogers
believed that people are basically good and are endowed with self-actu- alizing tendencie
Self-concept
an idea of the self constructed from the beliefs one holds about oneself and the responses of others
Ideal self
The version you find ideal, or you strive to most be like
Unconditional Positive Regard
attitude of grace, an attitude that values us even knowing our failings
Albert Bandura’s Concept of Self-Efficacy
one’s belief in one’s ability to succeed in specific situations or accomplish a task.
Julian Rotter’s Locus of Control Theory
the extent to which individuals believe they can control events affecting them
Internal Locus of Control
These people believe that they are responsible for their own success.
External locus of control
these people believe that external forces, like luck, determine their outcomes.
Trait Theories of Personality
Combination and integration of traits form a personality
Paul Costa and Robert McCrae
Came up with the big five personality traits
Big Five Personality Traits
openness to experience, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism are the traits used to determine personality
Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)
The most widely researched and clinically used of all personality tests. Originally developed to ID emotional disorders (still considered its most appropriate use), this testis now used for many other screening purposes.
Factor Analysis
A statistically procedure that Ids clusters of related items (called factors) on a test; used to ID different dimensions of a performance that underlie ones total score
Heritability
The proportion of variation among individuals that we can attribute to genes. The heritability of a trait may vary, depending on the range of populations and environments studied.
Gordon Allport’s Cardinal Dispositions
Persuasive of all aspects of behavior.
Gordon Allport’s Central Dispositions
Characteristic way of behaving. These traits affect the way we behave and deal with others.
Gordon Allport’s Secondary Disposition
Not vital part of personality, subject to change.
Eysenck’s Big Three
Extraversion, sociability, neuroticism: level of stability, psychoticism: level of sensitivity
Ramond Cattell Source and Surface Traits
Developed an influential theory of personality, created the 16 factor test, and developed the theory of fluid and crystallized intelligence. characteristics or attributes that can easily be inferred from observable behavior. the most fundamental dimensions of personality; broad, basic traits that are hypothesized to be universal and few in number.
Problems with Psychoanalytic Theory
Traditional psychoanalysis involved a distancing between therapist and client—the two did not even face each other during the sessions. In recent years, many clients have preferred a more interactive experience with the therapist. The subject matter of Freudian analysis has also fallen into disuse, even among those who still practice psychoanalysis: early childhood receives much less emphasis, and there is generally more focus on problems the client is currently experiencing. By the early 21st cent., various kinds of psychoanalysis continued to be practiced, but the theory and practice of psychoanalysis was increasingly overshadowed by cognitive psychology and discoveries in neurobiology.
Problems with Humanistic Theory
The prominence of the humanistic perspective set off a backlash of criticism. First, said the critics, its concepts are vague and subjective. Consider Maslow’s de- scription of self-actualizing people as open, spontaneous, loving, self-accepting, and productive. Is this a scientific description? Isn’t it merely a description of the theorist’s own values and ideals?
Problems with Cognitive Theory
Cognitive approaches have made no impact on research and treatment in obsessional-compulsive disorder, despite the obvious link between thinking and psychopathology that characterizes this disorder. A close examination of cognitive models leads to the suggestion that intrusive thoughts are best regarded as cognitive stimuli rather than responses. Cognitive responses to these stimuli are typically linked to beliefs concerning responsibility or blame for harm to self or others.
Problems with Trait Theory
Many current trait theorists suggest that a consensus is emerging around the Big Five as the basic structure of personality. It is argued that the evidence is less supportive and convincing than is suggested by trait enthusiasts, that there are fundamental problems with the trait concept, and that the trait model is not the only personality model to recognize consistency and coherence in functioning.
The TAT
Presumes that the hopes, fears, and interests expressed in the descriptions of the series of ambiguous pictures are projected as his inner feelings.
Rorschach Ink Test
People tell what they see in a serious of symmetrical inkblots. Some who use this test are confident that the interpretation of ambiguous stimulus will reveal unconscious personality.
Self Serving Bias
A readiness to preceive oneself favorably.
Spotlight effect
Overestimate others noticing and evaluating our appearance and performance.
Terror Management Theory
Death related anxiety, explores people’s emotional and behavioral response to reminders to their impending death.
Reciprocal Determinism
Interaction influence behavior internal cognition and environment.
Hawthorne Effect
Is a type of reactivity in which individuals modify or improve an aspect of their behavior in response to their awareness of being observed.
The Halo Effect
Is a cognitive bias in which an observer’s overall impression of a person, company, brand, or product influences the observer’s feelings and thoughts about that entity’s character or properties. It was named by psychologist Edward Thorndike in reference to a person being perceived as having a halo
Basking in Reflected Glory
Self serving cognition whereby an individual associated themselves with known successful others such that the winners success becomes the individuals own accomplishments.
Barnum Effect
Tendency to accept certain information as true such as character assessment or horoscopes even when the i for is so vague as to be worthless.
Personality- definition
A person’s characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting.
Free association
In psychoanalysis, a method of exploring the unconscious in which the person relaxes and says whatever comes to mind, no matter how trivial or embarrassing.
Frauds pyschoanalysis
Freuds theory of personality that attributes thoughts and actions to unconscious motives and conflicts; the techniques used in treating psychological disorders by seeking to expose and interpret unconscious tensions.
Pyschoanalysis : divisions of the mind
Divides into three parts. First the id which operates on the pleasure principle, demanding immediate gratification. Second the ego, which operates on the reality principle. Third, the superego which internalized ideals and provides standards for judgement.
Libido
Sexual desire. The energy of the sexual drive as a component of the life instinct.
Id
a reservoir of unconscious psychic energy that, according to Freud, strives to satisfy basic sexual and aggressive drives. The id operates on the pleasure principle, demanding immediate gratification.
Pleasure principle
is the instinctual seeking of pleasure and avoiding of pain in order to satisfy biological and psychological needs. Specifically, the pleasure principle is the driving force guiding the id.
Ego
the largely conscious, “executive” part of personality that, according to Freud, mediates among the demands of the id, superego, and reality. The ego operates on the reality principle, satisfying the id’s desires in ways that will realistically bring pleasure rather than pain.
Superego
the part of personality that, according to Freud, represents internalized ideals and provides standards for judgment (the conscience) and for future aspirations.
The reality principle
is the ability of the mind to assess the reality of the external world, and to act upon it accordingly, as opposed to acting on the pleasure principle.
Ego Defensive mechanisms
A defence mechanism is a coping technique that reduces anxiety arising from unacceptable or potentially harmful stimuli. Defence mechanisms are unconscious and are not to be confused with conscious coping strategies. Sigmund Freud was one of the first proponents of this construct.
Repression
in psychoanalytic theory, the basic defense mechanism that banishes anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories from consciousness.
Displacement
psychoanalytic defense mechanism that shifts sexual or aggressive impulses toward a more acceptable or less threatening object or person, as when redirecting anger toward a safer outlet.
Reaction formation
In psychoanalytic theory, defensive process (defense mechanism) in which emotions and impulses which are anxiety-producing or perceived to be unacceptable are mastered by exaggeration.
Compensation
In psychology, compensation is a strategy whereby one covers up, consciously or unconsciously, weaknesses, frustrations, desires, or feelings of inadequacy or incompetence in one life area through the gratification or (drive towards) excellence in another area.
Rationalization
Psychoanalytic defense mechanism that offers self-justifying explanations in place of the real, more threatening, unconscious reasons for one’s actions.
Regression
psychoanalytic defense mechanism in which an individual faced with anxiety retreats to a more infantile psychosexual stage, where some psychic energy remains fixated.
Denial
psychoanalytic defense mechanism by which people refuse to believe or even to perceive painful realities.
Sublimation
psychoanalytic defense mechanism by which people re-channel their unacceptable impulses into socially approved activities.
Womb envy
In psychology, the terms womb envy denote the anxiety that many men may feel caused by envy of the biological functions of the female sex: (pregnancy, parturition, breast feeding).
Pyschoanalysis: preconscious
in Freud’s theory, the level of consciousness in which thoughts and feelings are not conscious but are readily retrieveable to consciousness
Pyschoanalysis: subconscious
The subconscious mind or the preconscious mind consists of accessible information. You can become aware of this information once your direct your attention to it. Think of this as memory recall.
