Unit 1- Scientific Foundations of Psychology (10-14%) Flashcards
Psychometrics
Field of study concerned with the theory and technique of psychological measurement ex: objective measurement of skills, knowledge, abilities
Rehabilitation Psychologists
focus on treating individuals dealing with disabilities and problems that make living normal lives difficult
School/Educational Psychologists
Someone who uses applied behavior analysis to meet children’s and adolescent’s behavioral health and learning needs in a collaborative manner with educators and parents
Social Pyschologist
Someone who studies people’s thoughts, feelings, and behaviors by the actual, imagined, or implied presence of others
Sports Psychologists
Someone who studies how psychological factors affect performance and how participation in sports and exercise affect psychological and physical factors
Psychiatry
Medical field of psychology that treats psychological disorders often with prescription medication
Max Wertheimer
Pioneer of the Gestalt field of Psychology
Behavioral Genetics
The field of study that examines the role of genetic and environmental influences on animal (including human) behavior.
Abraham Maslow
Humanistic psychologist who developed a theory of motivation that emphasized psychological needs
Sigmund Freud
Developed the influential psychoanalytic theory of personality. Emphasized the ways emotional responses to childhood experiences and our unconscious thought process affect our behavior.
Repression
The psychoanalytic theory, the basic defense mechanism that banishes from consciousness anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings, and memory.
Free Will
The human ability to act freely, a focus of humanism. Psychoanalysis and Behaviorism minimized the emphasis on human free will.
Psychoanalysis
A set of psychological and psychotherapeutic theories and associated techniques, created by Sigmund Freud
Humanism
Emphasis on the importance of current environmental influences on our growth potential, and the importance of having our needs for love and acceptance satisfied.
Gestalt Psychology
the study of perception and behavior from the standpoint of an individual’s response to configurational wholes with stress on the uniformity of psychological and physiological events and rejection of analysis into discrete events of stimulus, percept, and response. In perception, “the whole is greater than the sum of it’s parts.”
Human Factors Psychology
focuses on a range of unique topics of interest in psychology and engineering. For example, ergonomics, human errors, work site safety, product engineering and human-machine interactions
Scientific method
A self correcting recess for asking questions and observing natures answers
Theory
An explanation using an integrated set of principles that organizes observations and predicts behaviors or events.
Replication
Repeating the essence of a research study.usually with different participants in in different situations to see whether the basic findings extend to different participants and circumstances.
Dependent Variable
The outcome factor; the variable that may change in response to manipulations of the independent variable. It is the thing being measured.
Operational Definition
Statement of the procedures (operations) used to define research variables. For example, human intelligence may be operationally defined as what an intelligence test measures
Population
All the cases in a group being studied, from school samples may be drawn
Random Sample
A sample that fairly represents a population because each member had an equal chance of inclusion
Random Assignment
Assigning participants to experimental and control groups by chance, thus minimizing preexisting differences between those assigned to the different groups
Experimental Group
In an experiment, the group that is exposed to the treatment, that is, to one version of the independent variable
Control Group
In an experiment, the group that isn’t exposed to the treatment (independent variable); contrasts with the experimental group and serves as a comparison for evaluating the effect of the treatment
Confounding variables
Outside variables that can alter the result of the experiment.
Correlation Research
A study to show how closely two things vary to each other.
Double-Blind Procedure
During an experiment where both the experimenter and participants are blind about if they receive a placebo or not. and the
Survey
Used to estimate the behaviors of a whole population from a group of people.
Naturalistic Observation
Watches behavior and describes it. Does not seek to explain behavior.
Experimenter Bias
A process where the scientists performing the research influence the results, in order to portray a certain outcome.
Single-blind Procedure
An experiment where the experimenter knows what is the placebo and what isn’t but the participants do not.
Statistical Significance
A statistical statement of how likely it is that an obtained result occurred by chance.
Normal Distribution (Normal Curve)
A bell shaped curve that describes the distribution of many types of data; most scores fall near the mean (68% fall within one standard deviation of it, and fewer near the extremes).
Inferential Statistics
Used to make generalizations from a sample to the general population.