Unit 4- Learning (7-9%) Flashcards

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1
Q

Operant conditioning

A

Type of learning that strengthens with reinforcement or weakens with punishment

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2
Q

Law of effect

A

Thorndike’s principle that rewarded behavior is likely to continue with favorable consequences

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3
Q

Negative punishment

A

Removing something you like

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4
Q

Positive punishment

A

Adding something you don’t like

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5
Q

Learned helplessness

A

The hopelessness and passive resignation an animal or human learns when unable to avoid repeated aversive events.

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6
Q

Primary reinforcer

A

An innately reinforcing stimulus, such as one that satisfies a biological need.

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7
Q

Skinner box (operant chamber)

A

A chamber containing a bar an animal can manipulate in order to get food or water

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8
Q

B.F. Skinner

A

Pioneer of operant conditioning: everything we do is determined by rewards and punishment. He also created the Skinner box

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9
Q

Edward Thorndike

A

Proposed Law of Effect. Experiment when he placed cat in a puzzle box; keep putting cat in same box, the quicker cat will be able to escape

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10
Q

Higher-order conditioning

A

Procedure where conditioned stimulus is paired with neutral stimulus, creating a second (weaker) conditioned stimulus

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11
Q

Shaping

A

a procedure in which reinforcers, such as food, gradually guide an animal’s actions toward a desired behavior.

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12
Q

Secondary or Conditioned Reinforcers

A

These get their power through learned association with primary reinforcers. (Ex. Skinner’s rat wants food. It work to turn on the light because it is associated with food.)

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13
Q

Mirror neurons

A

Frontal lobe neurons that fire when performing certain actions or when observing another doing so. The brain’s mirroring of another’s action may enable imitation and empathy

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14
Q

Little Albert

A

He was conditioned. When he was presented at a white rat he would reach to touch and then a hammer would strike a steel bar just behind his head. He then associated then loud noise with the rat. So every time time he saw a rat he would burst into tears.

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15
Q

Extinction

A

Diminishing of conditioned response. Occurs in classical conditioning when an unconditioned stimulus does not follow a conditioned stimulus

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16
Q

Spontaneous recovery

A

Reappearance after a pause of extinguished conditioned response.

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17
Q

Generalization

A

The tendency once a response has been conditioned, for stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus to elicit similar responses

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18
Q

Discrimination

A

In classical conditioning, learned ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and stimuli that do not signal an unconditioned stimulus

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19
Q

Watson and Rayner

A

Pioneer in behaviorism and showed how you could condition fear into Little Albert

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20
Q

Classical Conditioning

A

A type of learning in which one learns to link two or more stimuli and anticipate events.

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21
Q

Associative Learning

A

Learning that certain events occur together. The events may be two stimuli (as in classical conditioning) or a response and its consequences (as in operant conditioning)

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22
Q

Unconditioned Response (UR)

A

In classical conditioning, the unlearned, naturally occurring response to the unconditioned stimulus, such as salivation when food is in the mouth.

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23
Q

Unconditioned stimulus (US)

A

In classical conditioning, a stimulus that unconditionally-naturally and automatically-triggers a response

24
Q

Conditioned Stimulus (CS)

A

In classical conditioning, an originally irrelevant stimulus that, after association with an unconditioned stimulus, comes to trigger a conditioned response

25
Q

Learning

A

A relatively permanent change in an organism’s behavior due to experience

26
Q

Latent Learning

A

Learning that becomes apparent only when there is some incentive to demonstrate it. Children, too, may learn from watching a parent but demonstrate the learning only much later, as needed. The point to remember: There is more to learning than associating a response with a consequence; there is also cognition.

27
Q

Insight Learning

A

Some learning occurs after little or no systematic interaction with our environment. For example, we may puzzle over a problem, and suddenly, the pieces fall together as we perceive the solution in a sudden flash of insight. “Ah ha moment”

28
Q

Observational Learning

A

learn without direct experience, through observational learning, also called social learning, because we learn by observing and imitating others. A child who sees his sister burn her fingers on a hot stove learns not to touch it. And a monkey watching another selecting certain pictures to gain treats learns to imitate that behavior. “Monkey see Monkey do”

29
Q

Albert Bandura

A

The pioneering researcher of observational learning.

30
Q

Bobo Doll Experiments

A

As the child watches, the adult gets up and for nearly 10 minutes pounds, kicks, and throws around the room a large inflated Bobo doll, yelling, “Sock him in the nose. . . . Hit him down. . . . Kick him.” Then children went in a beat up the Bobo doll.

31
Q

Edward (E.C.) Tolman

A

He demonstrated that rats use latent learning when attempting to find their way through a maze. They can do it just as fast as a rat with a reward at the end.

32
Q

Chaining

A

reinforcing individual responses occurring in a sequence to form a complex behavior.

33
Q

Continuous Reinforcement

A

Reinforcing the desired response every time it occurs.

34
Q

Negative Reinforcement

A

Increasing behaviors by stopping or reducing negative stimuli, such as shock. A negative reinforcer is any stimulus that, when removed after a response, strengthens the response. (negative reinforcement is not a punishment)

35
Q

Positive Reinforcement

A

Increasing behaviors by presenting positive stimuli, such as food. A positive reinforcer is any stimulus that, when presented after a response, strengthens the response.

36
Q

Conditioned Taste Aversions

A

When you get sick after eating food and blame it on the food and don’t want to eat that food anymore

37
Q

Long-term potentiation

A

An increase in a synapse’s firing potential after brief, rapid stimulation. Believed to be a neural basis for learning and memory.

38
Q

Respondent behavior

A

Behavior that occurs as an automatic response to some stimulus.

39
Q

Operant behavior

A

Behavior that operates on the environment, producing consequences.

40
Q

Fixed Interval Schedule

A

a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a set time has passed

41
Q

Variable Ratio Schedule

A

a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response after an unpredictable number of responses

42
Q

Partial/Intermittent Reinforcement

A

responses are sometimes reinforced, sometimes not. Although initial learning is slower, _______ produces greater resistance to extinction than is found with continuous reinforcement

43
Q

Fixed Ratio Schedule

A

reinforces behavior after a set number of responses. (Ex. Buy five, get one free.)

44
Q

Variable Interval Schedule

A

a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response at unpredictable time intervals

45
Q

Superstitious behavior

A

Type of the reaction to certain situations/impulses that is brought on by a coincidence and gets so embedded in individual’s course of action that he repeats it continuously.

46
Q

Behaviorists

A

psychologists that believe in studying behavior while disregarding mental processes

47
Q

Cognitive processes

A

thoughts, perceptions, and expectations

48
Q

Conditioned Response

A

in classical conditioning, the learned response to a previously neutral(but now conditioned) stimulus (CS).

49
Q

Neutral Stimulus

A

a stimulus that does not produce an automatic response. In classical conditioning, a neutral stimulus turns into a conditioned stimulus. ex)a tone before it turns into CS (produces no salivation on response) in Pavlov’s experiment.

50
Q

Reinforcers

A

in operant conditioning, any event that strengthens the behavior it follows.

51
Q

Ivan Pavlov

A

Did an experiment with a dog: presented neutral stimulus(a tone) just before an unconditioned stimulus(food in mouth). The neutral stimulus then became a conditioned stimulus, producing a conditioned response. He explored classical conditioning.

52
Q

Acquisition

A

in classical conditioning, the initial stage, when one links a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus so that the neutral stimulus begins triggering the conditioned response. In operant conditioning, the strengthening of a reinforced response.

53
Q

Delayed Reinforcers

A

Unlike animals, humans respond to delayed reinforcers: the paycheck at the end of the week, the good grade at the end of the term, the trophy at the end of the season.

54
Q

Partial Reinforcement

A

Reinforcing only part of the time; slower acquisition but much more resistant to extinction

55
Q

Fixed-Ratio Schedule

A

Reinforce behavior after a set number of responses. Free drink after every 10 cups of coffee.