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AP Psych > Unit 6- Developmental Psychology (7-9%) > Flashcards

Unit 6- Developmental Psychology (7-9%) Flashcards

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1
Q

Stability vs. Change debate

A

The question of Do our early personality traits persist through life, or do we become different persons as we age?

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2
Q

Maturation

A

biological growth processes that enable orderly changes in behavior, relatively uninfluenced by experience.

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3
Q

The Critical period

A

optimal period shortly after birth when an organism’s exposure to certain stimuli or experiences produces proper development.

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4
Q

Individualist Culture

A

is a society which is characterized by individualism, not collectivism.

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5
Q

Collectivist Culture

A

emphasize family and work group goals above individual needs or desires

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6
Q

The Fetal Stage

A

development from embryo to fetus, the embryo changes to a recognizable human being and develops all the basic outlines of its organs and is then called a fetus.

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7
Q

Teratogens

A

agents, such as chemicals and viruses, that can reach the embryo or fetus during prenatal development and cause harm

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8
Q

Fetal Alcohol syndrome

A

physical and cognitive abnormalities in children caused by a pregnant woman’s heavy drinking.

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9
Q

Palmar/grasping reflex

A

Baby reacts to something pressing on its palm by trying to grasp it

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10
Q

Orienting reflex

A

an organism’s immediate response to a change in its environment

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11
Q

Babinski reflex

A

big toe remains extended or extends itself when the sole of the foot is stimulated, abnormal except in young infants.

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12
Q

Moro reflex

A

infantile reflex normally present in all infants/newborns up to 4 or 5 months of age as a response to a sudden loss of support, when the infant feels as if it is falling

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13
Q

Sucking reflex

A

The baby sucks when area around mouth is touched

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14
Q

Temperament

A

person’s characteristic emotional reactivity and intensity.

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15
Q

Easy temperament

A

Babies are cheerful, relaxed, and predictable in feeding and sleeping

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16
Q

Nature vs. Nurture debate

A

The controversy over the relative contributions of biology and experience.

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17
Q

Mary Ainsworth

A

developmental psychology; placed human infants into a “strange situation” in order to examine attachment to parents

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18
Q

Secure Attachment

A

a relationship in which an infant obtains both comfort and confidence from the presence of his or her caregiver

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19
Q

Insecure Attachment

A

characterized by complete dependence on a caregiver and extreme reluctance to explore one’s environment; the result of unresponsive parenting

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20
Q

Avoidant Attachment

A

children that seek little contact with their mothers and are often not distressed when she leaves

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21
Q

Diana Baumrind

A

her theory of parenting styles had three main types (permissive, authoritative, and authoritarian)

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22
Q

Authoritarian Parenting

A

parents that impose rules and expect obedience; the strict parents

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23
Q

Authoritative Parenting

A

parents that are both demanding and responsive; they negotiate and allow flexibility; the typical/sensible parents

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24
Q

Permissive Parenting

A

parents that submit to the child’s desires; they make few demands and use little punishment

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25
Q

Elizabeth Kubler-Ross

A

developmental psychology; contributions: 5 stages the terminally ill go through when facing death

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26
Q

Stages of Death and Dying

A

death, anger/resentment, bargaining with God, depression, acceptance (DABDA)

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27
Q

Kolberg’s Preconventional Morality

A

before age 9; self interest; obey rules to avoid punishment or gain concrete rewards

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28
Q

Kolberg’s Conventional Morality

A

early adolescence; uphold laws and rules to gain social approval or maintain social order

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29
Q

Kolberg’s Postconventional Morality

A

adolescence and beyond; actions reflect belief in basic rights and self-defined ethical principles

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30
Q

Gilligan’s Theory of Moral Development

A

cognition; Kolberg’s work was developed by only observing boys and overlooked potential differences between the habitual, moral judgments of boys and girls; girls focus more on relationships than laws and principles

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31
Q

Gender Identity

A

psychological sense of maleness and femaleness

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32
Q

Gender Typing

A

the acquisition of a traditional feminine or masculine gender role

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33
Q

Gender Schema

A

belief that children form mental representations or schemas of masculinity and feminity, which they then use as a basis for organizing their behavior and evaluating their self-worth

34
Q

Difficult Temperament

A

Characteristic of children. They withdraw from or are slow to adapt to new situations

35
Q

Slow to warm up temperament

A

Child that has a low activity level, is somewhat negative, shows low adaptability, and displays a low intensity of mood.

36
Q

Jean Piaget

A

believed that as children construct their understandings while interacting with the world, they experience spurts of change, followed by greater stability as they move from one cognitive plateau to the next.

37
Q

Assimilation

A

We interpret new experiences into terms of our current understanding (schemas)

38
Q

Schema adjustment

A

Altering the concepts or mental molds into which we pour our experiences. Done through assimilation and accommodation.

39
Q

Accommodation

A

Adjusting or schemas to incorporate information provided by new experiences.

40
Q

Piaget’s sensorimotor stage

A

from birth to nearly age 2, babies take in the world through their senses and actions—through looking, hearing, touching, mouthing, and grasping.

41
Q

Object permanence

A

the awareness that objects continue to exist when not perceived

42
Q

Piaget’s pre-operational stage

A

In Piaget’s theory, the stage (from 2 to about 6 or 7 years of age) during which a child learns to use language but does not yet comprehend the mental operations of concrete logic.

43
Q

Egocentrism

A

In Piaget’s theory, the preoperational child’s difficulty taking another’s point of view.

44
Q

Piaget’s concrete operational stage

A

In Piaget’s theory, the stage of cognitive development(from about 6 or 7 to 11 years of age) during which children gain the mental operations that enable them to think logically about concrete events.

45
Q

Androgyny

A

Gender-role identification that characterizes people who possess high levels of both masculine and feminine traits

46
Q

Primary Sex Characteristics

A

The body structures (ovaries, testes, and external genitalia) that make sexual reproduction possible

47
Q

Secondary Sex Characteristics

A

Nonreproductive sexual characteristics, such as female breasts and hips, male voice quality, and body hair

48
Q

Menarche

A

The first menstrual period

49
Q

Menopause

A

The time of natural cessation of menstruation; also refers to the biological changes a woman experiences as her ability to reproduce declines

50
Q

Social Clock

A

The culturally preferred timing of social events such as marriage, parenthood, and retirement

51
Q

Freud’s Theory of Psychosexual Development

A

Theory that children pass through a series of psychosexual stages, during which the id’s pleasure-seeking energies focus on pleasure-sensitive areas of the body, called erogenous zones

52
Q

Fixation

A

According to Freud, a lingering focus of pleasure-seeking energies at an earlier psychosexual stage, in which conflicts were unresolved

53
Q

Oral Stage

A

(0-18 months) Pleasure centers on the mouth- sucking, biting, chewing

54
Q

Anal Stage

A

(18-36 months) Pleasure focuses on bowel and bladder elimination; coping with demands for control

55
Q

Phallic Stage

A

(3-6 years) Pleasure zone is the genitals; coping with incestuous sexual feelings

56
Q

Latency Stage

A

(6 to puberty) Dormant sexual feelings

57
Q

Genital Stage

A

(Puberty on) Maturation of sexual interests

58
Q

Oedipus Complex

A

According to Freud, a boy’s sexual desires toward his mother and feelings of jealousy and hatred for the rival father

59
Q

Head-turning reflex

A

The response where the baby turns toward anything touching his/her cheek, also called the rooting reflex.

60
Q

Reversibility of thought

A

the ability to recognize that numbers or objects can be changed and returned to their original condition.

61
Q

Vygotsky’s Theory of Development

A

Promotes context in which students are actively involved in learning.

62
Q

Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD)

A

The difference between what the learner can do with help and what he/she can do without help.

63
Q

Scaffolding

A

Zone of ZPD in which a task is too great for the learner, so it is compared to something they already know and then broken down into smaller, more manageable parts.

64
Q

Fluid knowledge

A

Ability to solve problems and think logically.

Independent of acquired knowledge.

65
Q

Crystallized Intelligence

A

Ability to use learned knowledge and experience.

66
Q

Erik Erikson’s Theory of Psychosocial Development

A
  1. Trust vs. Mistrust
  2. Autonomy vs. Shame
  3. Initiative vs. Guilt
  4. Industry vs. Inferiority
  5. Identity vs. Role Confusion
  6. Intimacy vs. Isolation
  7. Generativity vs. Stagnation
  8. Ego Integrity vs. Despair
67
Q

Trust vs. Mistrust

A

1st year of life.

Infant fears the world.

68
Q

Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt

A

Between 18 months and 3

Child becomes independent-wandering away from it’s mother

69
Q

Identity vs. Role Confusion

A

12-18yrs

Transition from adolescence to adulthood

70
Q

Intimacy vs. Isolation

A

18-40 yrs

We begin to share ourselves more intimately with others.

71
Q

Generativity vs. Stagnation

A

40-65 yrs

Begin career and family. Look at big picture.

72
Q

Integrity vs. Despair

A

65+ yrs

Contemplate life accomplishments

73
Q

Harlow’s attachment theory

A

Babies become attached to their mothers because they care for them.

74
Q

Contact Comfort

A

Monkeys separated from their mothers at birth suffered severe mental distress. They chose the soft, stuffed animal monkey over the hard, wire monkey with food.

75
Q

Konrad Lorenz

A

Discovered imprinting in geese

Birds that leave their nest early bond instinctively with the first moving object they see.

76
Q

Attachment theory

A

Theory that an infant needs to bond with at least one primary caregiver for the child’s success for the child’s social and emotional development.

77
Q

Mary Ainsworth

A

Developmental psychologist known for her work in early emotional attachment with the Strange Situation Design (relationship between caregiver and child) as well as her work in the development of attachment theory.

78
Q

Conservation

A

the principle that quantity remains the same despite changes in shape

79
Q

Piaget’s formal operational stage

A

In Piaget’s theory, the stage of cognitive development(normally beginning at about age twelve) during which people begin to think logically about abstract events.

80
Q

Hypothetical reasoning

A

A problem solving approach that explores several different alternative solutions in a parallel to determine which approach best solves a problem.

81
Q

Metacognition

A

awareness and understanding of one’s own thought processes.

82
Q

Theory of mind

A

People’s own ideas about their own and other’s mental states- about their feelings, perceptions, and thoughts, and the behavior these might predict.

AP Psych (10 decks)

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