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Cognition > Unit 7 (Executive Function) > Flashcards

Unit 7 (Executive Function) Flashcards

1
Q

Is executive function unique to humans?

A

No. But seems to be much more developed.

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2
Q

How does executive function relate to Baddeley’s model?

A

Same as Baddeley’s central executive

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3
Q

Define executive function

A

A collection of effortful mental skills used when alert, underlying many higher-level abilities

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4
Q

What are the 3 core executive functions?

A

Inhibitory Control
Working Memory
Cognitive Flexibility

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5
Q

2 types of inhibitory control

A

Interference control (cognitive)
Behavioral inhibition (behavioral)

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6
Q

Define inhibitory control

A

The ability to control attention and override things to accomplish a goal despite some lure.

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7
Q

What’s a lure?

A

habits of thought; external stimuli

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8
Q

2 types of interference control

A

Selective Attention
Cognitive Inhibition

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9
Q

What makes something harder to inhibit through selective attention?

A

Greater saliency makes it harder to inhibit

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10
Q

Cognitive inhibition

A

Inhibit internal and unwanted thoughts or memories

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11
Q

Fancy term for ‘your first thought’

What part of executive function deals with this?

A

Prepotent mental representations

Cognitive inhibition part of interference control, which is a part of Inhibitory control

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12
Q

What is the controlling or inhibiting of behavior?

A

Behavioral inhibition

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13
Q

What is the control or inhibiting of cognitions?

A

Interference control

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14
Q

What type of stimuli, intrinsic or extrinsic, is involved with inhibitory control?

A

Both!

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15
Q

What is working memory?

A

The manipulation of information to accomplish a goal

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16
Q

What part of EF is necessary for WM?

A

Inhibitory control is needed for WM

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17
Q

What is cognitive flexibility?

A

The ability to manipulate one’s own goals in WM and load a new goal into WM.

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18
Q

Explain how cognitive flexibility isn’t just ‘task-switching’

A

On top of switching tasks, it also switches the method to do something.

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19
Q

Perspective-taking is an example of which EF?

A

Cognitive flexibility.

Requires seeing the world in someone else’s eyes while stopping own perspective.

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20
Q

Does cognitive flexibility create goals?

A

No. Simply loads it in. Higher processes do the goal creation.

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21
Q

What do executive functions allow for?

A

Higher-level things like planning, creativity, problem-solving.

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22
Q

Which EF is delayed gratification a part of?

A

Behavioral inhibition, under Inhibitory control.

23
Q

Differentiate selective attention and cognitive inhibition

A

Selective attention has to do with what we attend to and what we stop attending to

Cognitive inhibition involves our thoughts or memories.

Often intertwined.

24
Q

What 4 factors commonly negatively affect executive functions?

A

1) Stress
2) Sadness
3) Sleep deprivation
4) Lack of physical exercise

25
Q

List all tests of executive functions

A

LNS
Go/No-go
Simon
N-Back
Flanker
Shape-Color

26
Q

Go/No-Go Task

What is it?
What does it test?

A

Given a green or red stimulus to go or not.

Tests inhibitory control. (behavioral inhibition)

27
Q

Flanker Task

What is it?
What does it test?

A

Shown 5 arrows, but need to press the direction of the middle one.

Tests inhibitory control. (selective attention)

28
Q

Simon Task

What is it?
What does it test?

A

Presents word ‘left’ or ‘right’ either on the left side or right side.

Tests inhibitory control (congnitive inhibition)

29
Q

N-Back Task

What is it?
What does it test?

A

Shown a series of letters, then asked whether the current one is same as ‘n’ ago.

Tests inhibitory control and working memory

30
Q

Letter-Number Sequence Task

What is it?
What does it test?

A

Given letters and numbers, but need to order them alphabetically/numerically.

Tests inhibitory control and working memory

31
Q

Shape-Color Task

What is it?
What does it test?

A

Given a probe to focus either on color or on shape. Then shows color+shape and told to respond as which one.

Tests cognitive flexibility (and working memory and inhibitory control)

32
Q

Given a probe to focus either on color or on shape. Then shows color+shape and told to respond as which one.

Tests cognitive flexibility (and working memory and inhibitory control)

A

Shape-Color Task

33
Q

Given letters and numbers, but need to order them alphabetically/numerically.

Tests inhibitory control and working memory

A

LNS

34
Q

Shown a series of letters, then asked whether the current one is same as ‘n’ ago.

Tests inhibitory control and working memory

A

N-Back Task

35
Q

Presents word ‘left’ or ‘right’ either on the left side or right side.

Tests inhibitory control (congnitive inhibition)

A

Simon Task

36
Q

Shown 5 arrows, but need to press the direction of the middle one.

Tests inhibitory control. (selective attention)

A

Flanker Task

37
Q

Given a green or red stimulus to go or not.

Tests inhibitory control. (behavioral inhibition)

A

Go/No-Go Task

38
Q

Which brain areas did Phineas Gage have injury?

A

Left OFC, Left dlPFC, and Left vlPFC

39
Q

What were Phineas Gage’s symptoms?

A

Childlike personality and irregularity, stubbornness, sexual promiscuity?

All related to poor EFs!

40
Q

IFG brain region

A

Inferior frontal gyrus

41
Q

OFC brain region

A

Orbitofrontal Cortex

42
Q

PrM brain region

A

Pre-Motor cortex

43
Q

dlPFC brain region

A

dorsolateral prefrontal cortex

44
Q

vlPFC brain region

A

ventrolateral prefrontal cortex

45
Q

dmPFC brain region

A

dorsomedial prefrontal cortex

46
Q

ACC brain region

A

Anterior Cingulate Cortex

47
Q

vmPFC brain region

A

ventromedial prefrontal cortex

48
Q

FPC and mFPC brain region

A

Frontopolar Cortex and Medial Frontopolar Cortex

49
Q

What brain region is active in the Go/No-Go task?

What is the function of that brain region?

A

Right vlPFC

Suppresses neural activity in PFC related to prior learned responses.

50
Q

What brain regions are active in N-Back task?

What are the functions of the brain regions?

A

Bilaterally,

dlPFC - manipulate mental representations
vlPFC - hold mental representations
FPC

51
Q

What brain regions are active in the Task-Switching Task? (Color-shape task?)

What are the functions of the regions?

A

vlPFC
dlPFC
ACC - error detection, conflict monitoring, and task shifting

52
Q

What brain region has Broca’s area and has to do with speech production?

A

Inferior Frontal Gyrus

53
Q

What brain regions is

A

Cognition (8 decks)

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