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Cognition > After Midterm > Flashcards

After Midterm Flashcards

1
Q

Walk through what happens when a scary stimulus pops out, leading to emotion. (3 steps)

What is the conclusion? What does our emotional experience depend on?

A

1) Sensory areas receive stimuli
2) Sends signals to rest of the brain
3) The rest of the brain allows us to consciously think of the event and cause unconscious physical changes

Conclusion: Our emotional experience depends on both conscious and unconscious bodily responses.

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2
Q

Two-factor theory.

Who made this theory? What is it?

A

Schachter and Singer

Emotions are a combination of:
1) Arousal and
2) Valence

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3
Q

what is arousal and valence in two-factor theory?

A

Arousal: (degree of) Bodily arousal or activation

Valence: (degree of) positive/negative conscious experience

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4
Q

“how positive/negative is the experience” is what in emotion?

A

Valence

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5
Q

How is the two-factor theory usually portrayed?

A

A circle. Arousal on y-axis and Valence on x-axis

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6
Q

Cannon-Bard Theory

A

Emotional (conscious) experience –> Physiological response = Emotion

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7
Q

James-Lange Theory

A

Physiological expression –> Conscious response = Emotion

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8
Q

Where’s the amygdala located?

A

Medial temporal lobe

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9
Q

What’s amygdala’s role in emotions?

A

Processing fear and emotional memory. Lights up whenever some kind of fear happens.

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10
Q

3 Effector systems

A

Endocrine
Autonomic
Somatic

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11
Q

Endocrine system

A

Slow response.
Hormones (bloodstream)
HPA Axis

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12
Q

Cortisol/Stress is in which system?

A

Endocrine system

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13
Q

What is the HPA axis?

A

Hypothalamus
Pituitary
Adrenal

Releases hormones. Responds to stress.

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14
Q

In what system is HPA axis?

A

Endocrine System

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15
Q

How does Amygdala relate to HPA axis?

A

Amygdala communications to hypothalamus then pitutary and adrenal

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16
Q

What is pituitary’s job?

A

to release/produce hormones into the bloddstream

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17
Q

What region is pituitary’s boss?

A

Hypothalamus

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18
Q

What does autonomic system do?

A

Unconscious responses.
Sympathetic/Parasympathetic.
Body temp, heart rate, breathing, etc.

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19
Q

what system has to do with body temp, heart rate, breathing?

A

Autonomic system

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20
Q

Which effector system have longer lasting responses?

A

Endocrine

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21
Q

What does somatic system do?

A

Muscular responses. Fight/Flight.

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22
Q

PGM

Functions? what system?

A

periaqueductal gray matter in brain stem

pain modulation, stress response.

somatic system

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23
Q

What other regions inform the somatic system?

A

Hippocampi and Septal nuclei

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24
Q

How do we become consciously aware of emotions after effector symptoms?

A

Amygdala does it. Physiology –> Consciousness

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25
Q

What part of brain is activated during regret after a choice with bad outcome?

A

Valuation circuit

OFC

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26
Q

What is ‘regret’?

A

When the value of a behavior’s consequence does not correspond to value judgement. A conscious subjective interpretation

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27
Q

What brain regions are more or less active in emotion labelling?

A

Right vlPFC (more activity)
Amygdala (less activity)

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28
Q

Correlation between vlPFC and Amygdala activity

A

Negative (r= -.5)

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29
Q

What brain region(s) predict both vlPFC and Amygdala activity?

A

vmPFC/ACC

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30
Q

vlPFC is important for this EF.

How does this relate to emootions?

A

inhibitory control

regulates negative emotions

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31
Q

How is conscious perception of a negative emotion related to amygdala activity of it?

A

Consciously perceiving (by producing speech) negative emotion regulates amygdala response.

Talking about it regulates our responses to them.

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32
Q

Paul Ekman “Lie to Me” research

A

There exists basic emotions that are universal.

Asked Fori tribe to 1) make face and 2) label expression

Expressed and Recognized same as western

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33
Q

Basic emotions

A

Anger
Disgust
Fear
Happiness
Sadness
Surprise

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34
Q

4 elements of basic emotions

A

Evolutionary
Unique
Instinctive (unconscious)
Universal

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35
Q

Blind vs. Non-blind atheletes and emotion.

How does this relate to basic emotion theory?

A

We have evolutionary ways to express emotion.

blind and non-blind athletes have same expressions when celebrate/lost respectively.

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36
Q

What are complex emotions?

A

Combinations of basic emotions. Long-lasting feelings that are evolved.

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37
Q

What major brain region did we study is heavily involved in EFs?

What is included?

A

Prefrontal Cortex (PFC)

Everything that isn’t M1

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38
Q

where is the FEFs?

A

PreMotor Cortex

39
Q

Where is IFG?

A

Inferior Frontal Gyrus

In vlPFC and a bit of FPC and dlPFC and PrM

40
Q

What regions activate for Go/No-Go?

What type of EF?

A

Inhibitory Control

Right vlPFC

41
Q

What regions activate for n-back task?

What type of EF?
What specific task of each?

A

Working Memory

Bilaterally,
dlPFC: manipulate mental info
vlPFC: holds mental info
FPC

42
Q

What regions activate for task-switching task?

What type of EF?
What specific task of each?

A

Cognitive Flexibility

Bilaterally,
dlPFC
vlPFC
ACC: error detection, conflict monitor, task shift

43
Q

What is valuation circuit?

A

OFC and FPC and vmPFC

44
Q

What is the purpose of valuation circuit?

A

Assess reward of stimuli

45
Q

What is part of EF circuit?

A

ACC and dlPFC

46
Q

Which area holds mental representations?

A

vlPFC

47
Q

Two types of language skills

A

Receptive Language Skills
Expressive Language Skills

48
Q

4 units of language

A

Phonemes: basic sounds
Morphemes: basic units of meaning
Syntax: grammar rules
Semantics: high-level literal meaning

49
Q

What are connectionist models of language?

A

They involve nodes and weighted connections between nodes to show how we mentally represent language

50
Q

What parts of the connectionist model tends to change over time?

A

the lexical-semantic changes, getting stronger and stronger.

lexical to phonological doesn’t change much

51
Q

Semantic network

A

Lexical nodes connections with each other (based on meaning/semantic feature)

52
Q

Phonological network

A

Connections based on how things sound (phonology)

53
Q

co-occurance network

A

What usually follows (eg. autocorrect)

54
Q

What are weighted connections?

A

The relationship between semantics/lexical nodes/phonemes in connectionist model

55
Q

3 types of weighted connection networks

A

phonological
semantic
co-occurance

56
Q

What are speech pipelines?

A

Order of how we produce or comprehend language

57
Q

Speech Processing Pipeline

A

Phonemes –> Lexical nodes –> Semantic Features

58
Q

Speech Production Pipeline

A

Semantics –> Lexical Nodes –> Phonemes

59
Q

Errors in speech processing pipeline?

Errors in speech production pipeline?

A

Might hear a wrong but similar-sounding word (error in predicting what we hear)

Might say a wrong but similar-sounding word (error in predicting what to say next)

60
Q

Which part of Baddeley’s model is related to speech/comprehension?

A

Phonological loop. And based on central executive’s goals

61
Q

When phonological information in Working Memory decays too fast, what error occurs?

A

Error in processing sounds into words.

62
Q

When inhibitory control to inhibit phonologically similar words fail, what error occurs?

A

Error in finding meaning out of words.

63
Q

When there is background noise, what EF is harder, and what happens in phonological network?

A

Inhibitory control is harder. More unrelated words will be active.

64
Q

What word is most cognitively active?

A

The word that is currently spoken.

65
Q

Saying “Ambulence” instead of “Firetruck” is a failure of what?

A

Inhibitory Control (semantic network)

66
Q

Saying “car” instead of “cat” is a failure of what?

A

IC (co-occurace)

67
Q

Language is lateralized. Which side? Percent?

A

95% of right-handers; 70% of left-handers

In left side of brain

68
Q

For split-brain patients, when holding ball on left hand, what will they say? what will they draw?

A

Will say holding nothing.

But can draw it with left hand.

69
Q

For split-brain patients, if right side is hammer and left side is saw,

What will they say they see? what will they draw with Left hand?

A

draw: saw
speak: hammer

70
Q

What region of brain is of interest for Broca’s Area?

What is it?

A

IFG

Both production and comprehension. Sends plans to M1

71
Q

What region of brain is of interest for Wernicke’s Area?

What is it?

A

pSTG, IPL

Mostly comprehension. Phonological segment of words.

72
Q

What region of brain is of interest for Auditory Cortex?

What is it?

A

STG

Sound processing. Raw auditory info that triggers Wernicke activity

73
Q

What neuroimaging shows info about Wernicke’s and Broca’s working together?

A

fMRI

74
Q

What does primary motor cortex do in lagnauge?

A

Execute production based on Broca’s area motor plans.

75
Q

Which area represents phonological segemets?

A

Wernicke’s Area

76
Q

Which brain region is very crucial in carriying information from IPL to IFG? And Broca’s Area/ Wernicke’s Area

A

Arcuate Fasciculus

77
Q

Arcuate Fasiculus

A

White matter that connects language regions (Wernicke’s, Broca’s) pSTG, IPL to IFG

78
Q

Tan Man had what injured? What symptoms?

A

Can only say Tan but didn’t know he was saying tan

Broca’s area

79
Q

Executive Function is same as what in another model?

A

Baddeley’s Model. Central Executive.

80
Q

3 Core Executive Functions

A

1) Inhibitory Control:
2) Working Memory
3) Cognitive Flexibility

81
Q

Definition of inhibitory control

A

Ability to control thoughts, attention, emotion, override things to accomplish a goal despite lures.

82
Q

“Habits of thoughts; some external stimuli.”

A

Lure

83
Q

Branches of inhibitory control

A

1) Interference Control (Selective Attention, Cognitive Inhibition)

2) Behavioral Inhibition

84
Q

What is the fancy phrase for our ‘first’ thought?

A

Prepotent mental representations

85
Q

Delayed gratifiction is related to what within inhibitory control?

A

Behavioral inhibiitoin

86
Q

staying on task when music is on is a type of what function?

A

behavioral inhibition (inhibitory control)

87
Q

behavioral inhibition is aka

A

self control

88
Q

prepotent mental representations have to do with which part of IC?

A

cognitive inhibition

89
Q

Working memory is intertwined with _____, especially _______ (subsection of first part)

A

Inhibitory control.

especially cognitive inhibition

IC is necessary for WM

90
Q

What’s cognitive flexibility

A

Inhibit current goal, load new goal into working memory.
Does NOT create new goals.

91
Q

“putting self in other shoes” is what EF?

A

Cognitive Flexibility

92
Q

4 factors that affect EFs

which is negative in long-term AND short-term?

A

Stress
Sadness
Sleep deprivation - short-term bad.
Physical exercise

93
Q

inhibitory control region

A

Right vlPFC

94
Q

What’s vmPFC do? (2things)

A

Predictor of amgdala and vlPFC activity.

Part of valuation circuit

Cognition (9 decks)

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