After Midterm Flashcards
Walk through what happens when a scary stimulus pops out, leading to emotion. (3 steps)
What is the conclusion? What does our emotional experience depend on?
1) Sensory areas receive stimuli
2) Sends signals to rest of the brain
3) The rest of the brain allows us to consciously think of the event and cause unconscious physical changes
Conclusion: Our emotional experience depends on both conscious and unconscious bodily responses.
Two-factor theory.
Who made this theory? What is it?
Schachter and Singer
Emotions are a combination of:
1) Arousal and
2) Valence
what is arousal and valence in two-factor theory?
Arousal: (degree of) Bodily arousal or activation
Valence: (degree of) positive/negative conscious experience
“how positive/negative is the experience” is what in emotion?
Valence
How is the two-factor theory usually portrayed?
A circle. Arousal on y-axis and Valence on x-axis
Cannon-Bard Theory
Emotional (conscious) experience –> Physiological response = Emotion
James-Lange Theory
Physiological expression –> Conscious response = Emotion
Where’s the amygdala located?
Medial temporal lobe
What’s amygdala’s role in emotions?
Processing fear and emotional memory. Lights up whenever some kind of fear happens.
3 Effector systems
Endocrine
Autonomic
Somatic
Endocrine system
Slow response.
Hormones (bloodstream)
HPA Axis
Cortisol/Stress is in which system?
Endocrine system
What is the HPA axis?
Hypothalamus
Pituitary
Adrenal
Releases hormones. Responds to stress.
In what system is HPA axis?
Endocrine System
How does Amygdala relate to HPA axis?
Amygdala communications to hypothalamus then pitutary and adrenal
What is pituitary’s job?
to release/produce hormones into the bloddstream
What region is pituitary’s boss?
Hypothalamus
What does autonomic system do?
Unconscious responses.
Sympathetic/Parasympathetic.
Body temp, heart rate, breathing, etc.
what system has to do with body temp, heart rate, breathing?
Autonomic system
Which effector system have longer lasting responses?
Endocrine
What does somatic system do?
Muscular responses. Fight/Flight.
PGM
Functions? what system?
periaqueductal gray matter in brain stem
pain modulation, stress response.
somatic system
What other regions inform the somatic system?
Hippocampi and Septal nuclei
How do we become consciously aware of emotions after effector symptoms?
Amygdala does it. Physiology –> Consciousness
What part of brain is activated during regret after a choice with bad outcome?
Valuation circuit
OFC
What is ‘regret’?
When the value of a behavior’s consequence does not correspond to value judgement. A conscious subjective interpretation
What brain regions are more or less active in emotion labelling?
Right vlPFC (more activity)
Amygdala (less activity)
Correlation between vlPFC and Amygdala activity
Negative (r= -.5)
What brain region(s) predict both vlPFC and Amygdala activity?
vmPFC/ACC
vlPFC is important for this EF.
How does this relate to emootions?
inhibitory control
regulates negative emotions
How is conscious perception of a negative emotion related to amygdala activity of it?
Consciously perceiving (by producing speech) negative emotion regulates amygdala response.
Talking about it regulates our responses to them.
Paul Ekman “Lie to Me” research
There exists basic emotions that are universal.
Asked Fori tribe to 1) make face and 2) label expression
Expressed and Recognized same as western
Basic emotions
Anger
Disgust
Fear
Happiness
Sadness
Surprise
4 elements of basic emotions
Evolutionary
Unique
Instinctive (unconscious)
Universal
Blind vs. Non-blind atheletes and emotion.
How does this relate to basic emotion theory?
We have evolutionary ways to express emotion.
blind and non-blind athletes have same expressions when celebrate/lost respectively.
What are complex emotions?
Combinations of basic emotions. Long-lasting feelings that are evolved.
What major brain region did we study is heavily involved in EFs?
What is included?
Prefrontal Cortex (PFC)
Everything that isn’t M1
where is the FEFs?
PreMotor Cortex
Where is IFG?
Inferior Frontal Gyrus
In vlPFC and a bit of FPC and dlPFC and PrM
What regions activate for Go/No-Go?
What type of EF?
Inhibitory Control
Right vlPFC
What regions activate for n-back task?
What type of EF?
What specific task of each?
Working Memory
Bilaterally,
dlPFC: manipulate mental info
vlPFC: holds mental info
FPC
What regions activate for task-switching task?
What type of EF?
What specific task of each?
Cognitive Flexibility
Bilaterally,
dlPFC
vlPFC
ACC: error detection, conflict monitor, task shift
What is valuation circuit?
OFC and FPC and vmPFC
What is the purpose of valuation circuit?
Assess reward of stimuli
What is part of EF circuit?
ACC and dlPFC
Which area holds mental representations?
vlPFC
Two types of language skills
Receptive Language Skills
Expressive Language Skills
4 units of language
Phonemes: basic sounds
Morphemes: basic units of meaning
Syntax: grammar rules
Semantics: high-level literal meaning
What are connectionist models of language?
They involve nodes and weighted connections between nodes to show how we mentally represent language
What parts of the connectionist model tends to change over time?
the lexical-semantic changes, getting stronger and stronger.
lexical to phonological doesn’t change much
Semantic network
Lexical nodes connections with each other (based on meaning/semantic feature)
Phonological network
Connections based on how things sound (phonology)
co-occurance network
What usually follows (eg. autocorrect)
What are weighted connections?
The relationship between semantics/lexical nodes/phonemes in connectionist model
3 types of weighted connection networks
phonological
semantic
co-occurance
What are speech pipelines?
Order of how we produce or comprehend language
Speech Processing Pipeline
Phonemes –> Lexical nodes –> Semantic Features
Speech Production Pipeline
Semantics –> Lexical Nodes –> Phonemes
Errors in speech processing pipeline?
Errors in speech production pipeline?
Might hear a wrong but similar-sounding word (error in predicting what we hear)
Might say a wrong but similar-sounding word (error in predicting what to say next)
Which part of Baddeley’s model is related to speech/comprehension?
Phonological loop. And based on central executive’s goals
When phonological information in Working Memory decays too fast, what error occurs?
Error in processing sounds into words.
When inhibitory control to inhibit phonologically similar words fail, what error occurs?
Error in finding meaning out of words.
When there is background noise, what EF is harder, and what happens in phonological network?
Inhibitory control is harder. More unrelated words will be active.
What word is most cognitively active?
The word that is currently spoken.
Saying “Ambulence” instead of “Firetruck” is a failure of what?
Inhibitory Control (semantic network)
Saying “car” instead of “cat” is a failure of what?
IC (co-occurace)
Language is lateralized. Which side? Percent?
95% of right-handers; 70% of left-handers
In left side of brain
For split-brain patients, when holding ball on left hand, what will they say? what will they draw?
Will say holding nothing.
But can draw it with left hand.
For split-brain patients, if right side is hammer and left side is saw,
What will they say they see? what will they draw with Left hand?
draw: saw
speak: hammer
What region of brain is of interest for Broca’s Area?
What is it?
IFG
Both production and comprehension. Sends plans to M1
What region of brain is of interest for Wernicke’s Area?
What is it?
pSTG, IPL
Mostly comprehension. Phonological segment of words.
What region of brain is of interest for Auditory Cortex?
What is it?
STG
Sound processing. Raw auditory info that triggers Wernicke activity
What neuroimaging shows info about Wernicke’s and Broca’s working together?
fMRI
What does primary motor cortex do in lagnauge?
Execute production based on Broca’s area motor plans.
Which area represents phonological segemets?
Wernicke’s Area
Which brain region is very crucial in carriying information from IPL to IFG? And Broca’s Area/ Wernicke’s Area
Arcuate Fasciculus
Arcuate Fasiculus
White matter that connects language regions (Wernicke’s, Broca’s) pSTG, IPL to IFG
Tan Man had what injured? What symptoms?
Can only say Tan but didn’t know he was saying tan
Broca’s area
Executive Function is same as what in another model?
Baddeley’s Model. Central Executive.
3 Core Executive Functions
1) Inhibitory Control:
2) Working Memory
3) Cognitive Flexibility
Definition of inhibitory control
Ability to control thoughts, attention, emotion, override things to accomplish a goal despite lures.
“Habits of thoughts; some external stimuli.”
Lure
Branches of inhibitory control
1) Interference Control (Selective Attention, Cognitive Inhibition)
2) Behavioral Inhibition
What is the fancy phrase for our ‘first’ thought?
Prepotent mental representations
Delayed gratifiction is related to what within inhibitory control?
Behavioral inhibiitoin
staying on task when music is on is a type of what function?
behavioral inhibition (inhibitory control)
behavioral inhibition is aka
self control
prepotent mental representations have to do with which part of IC?
cognitive inhibition
Working memory is intertwined with _____, especially _______ (subsection of first part)
Inhibitory control.
especially cognitive inhibition
IC is necessary for WM
What’s cognitive flexibility
Inhibit current goal, load new goal into working memory.
Does NOT create new goals.
“putting self in other shoes” is what EF?
Cognitive Flexibility
4 factors that affect EFs
which is negative in long-term AND short-term?
Stress
Sadness
Sleep deprivation - short-term bad.
Physical exercise
inhibitory control region
Right vlPFC
What’s vmPFC do? (2things)
Predictor of amgdala and vlPFC activity.
Part of valuation circuit
