Unit 5 Flashcards

1
Q

Differentiate short-term memory and working memory

A

Short-term memory: the bucket. Stores information for a short amount of time.

Working memory: Using information in bucket. The storage and manipulation of information for complex tasks.

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2
Q

Capacity, duration, and errors of STM

A

capacity: 5-9 pieces of info
dur: 15-20s
errors: decay

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3
Q

What’s the brown-peterson task? What was its purpose?

A

Say a string of letters, then asked to count numbers by 3 down from a certain number task (the distractor).

Tested how long short-term memory for recall capacity is.

3s is 80% remembered

18s 10% remembered

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4
Q

What is the Digit-span task? What was its purpose?

A

Asked to repeat a string of numbers. To see how many units of information can be repeated

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5
Q

What is Baddeley’s Model?

What are the components?

A

A model of working memory.

Includes a Central Executive,
with Phonological Loop, Episodic Buffer, and Visuo-Spatial Sketch Pad

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6
Q

What is the phonological loop?

A

A store of phonological information (auditory information).

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7
Q

Articulatory Rehearsal Process

A

The skill to keep items in the phonological store from decaying. (eg. repeating sounds to self)

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8
Q

What is the phonological store negatively affected by?

A

Similar Sounds
Production of Unrelated Sounds
Long Words

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9
Q

What’s the Letter-Number Sequence Task?

What does it test?

A

Hear numbers and letters, then order them in sequence for both numbers and letters.

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10
Q

articulatory suppression

A

Interference in phonological loop when told to articulate something else than what you’re tryna remember

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11
Q

What does the visuo-spatial sketch pad do?

A

Holds and manipulates visual/spatial information. Visual and Haptic senses.

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12
Q

Spatial reasoning task

A

Part of visuo-spatial sketch pad. Manipulate information in ‘the brain’s eye’

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13
Q

What does episodic buffer do?

A

Mostly smell and taste; everything that the visuo-spatial sketch pad and phonological loop doesn’t cover.

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14
Q

What do the 3 components interact with in Baddeley’s Model of WM?

A

Central Executive (the goals and governor of attention) and Long-Term Memory (pull info to and from it)

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15
Q

2 Neural Mechanism components of Working Memory

A

1) Lasting Activity: after processing, PFC neurons continue responding to stimuli even after the stimuli is gone, allowing for STM/WM

2) Lasting Connections: After processing, the network of neurons can easily reactivate, allowing STM/WM

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16
Q

Which neural mechanism for working memory is activity-dependent?

Which is activity-independent?

A

the lasting activity one

lasting connections one

17
Q

What’s the tree of Long-Term Memory? (subdivisions)

A

Long-Term Memory –> Implicit, Explicit

Explicit –> Episodic, Semantic

18
Q

What’s an alternate name for explicit memory?

A

Declarative Memory

19
Q

What’s an alternate name for implicit memory?

A

Procedural Memory

20
Q

Implicit Memory

A

eg. Muscle Memory, Conditioning

cannot be told, but only shown (like skills of riding a bike)

21
Q

HM had which type of memory?

A

Implicit long-term memory (learned simple tasks

22
Q

Episodic Memory

A

Memory about events

23
Q

Semantic Memory

A

Memory about facts

24
Q

Duration, Capacity of LTM

A

Infinite capacity

Duration: hours to years (anytime longer than STM)

25
Consolidation vs. Rehearsal examples of consolidation?
Filling away notes vs. Taking notes flashcards, rehearsing song, focusing hard on convo can be ways of consolidating
26
4 Factors that influence consolidation (only list)
1) Depth of Processing 2) Adaptiveness 3) Testing 4) Spacing
27
How does depth of processing influence consolidation of memories? (2 factors)
Processing level matters (Shallow vs. Deep processing; attention to meaning and associate with other things) The method of rehearsing STM: Maintenance vs. Elaborative Rehearsal (meaning in rehearsal)
28
How Adaptiveness influences consolidation of memories
An evolutionary perspective (survival words are more memorable)
29
How testing influences consolidation of memories
Practicing retrieval --> better performance Effortful recall improves retention of memories
30
Testing Effect
Learning and memory is improved when retrieval is used as part of the processes.
31
How spacing influences consolidation of memories
Too much info at once leads to poor consolidation. Sleeping is important.