Unit 5

Question 1

Differentiate short-term memory and working memory

Answer 1

Short-term memory: the bucket. Stores information for a short amount of time.

Working memory: Using information in bucket. The storage and manipulation of information for complex tasks.

Question 2

Capacity, duration, and errors of STM

Answer 2

capacity: 5-9 pieces of info
dur: 15-20s
errors: decay

Question 3

What’s the brown-peterson task? What was its purpose?

Answer 3

Say a string of letters, then asked to count numbers by 3 down from a certain number task (the distractor).

Tested how long short-term memory for recall capacity is.

3s is 80% remembered

18s 10% remembered

Question 4

What is the Digit-span task? What was its purpose?

Answer 4

Asked to repeat a string of numbers. To see how many units of information can be repeated

Question 5

What is Baddeley’s Model?

What are the components?

Answer 5

A model of working memory.

Includes a Central Executive,
with Phonological Loop, Episodic Buffer, and Visuo-Spatial Sketch Pad

Question 6

What is the phonological loop?

Answer 6

A store of phonological information (auditory information).

Question 7

Articulatory Rehearsal Process

Answer 7

The skill to keep items in the phonological store from decaying. (eg. repeating sounds to self)

Question 8

What is the phonological store negatively affected by?

Answer 8

Similar Sounds
Production of Unrelated Sounds
Long Words

Question 9

What’s the Letter-Number Sequence Task?

What does it test?

Answer 9

Hear numbers and letters, then order them in sequence for both numbers and letters.

Question 10

articulatory suppression

Answer 10

Interference in phonological loop when told to articulate something else than what you’re tryna remember

Question 11

What does the visuo-spatial sketch pad do?

Answer 11

Holds and manipulates visual/spatial information. Visual and Haptic senses.

Question 12

Spatial reasoning task

Answer 12

Part of visuo-spatial sketch pad. Manipulate information in ‘the brain’s eye’

Question 13

What does episodic buffer do?

Answer 13

Mostly smell and taste; everything that the visuo-spatial sketch pad and phonological loop doesn’t cover.

Question 14

What do the 3 components interact with in Baddeley’s Model of WM?

Answer 14

Central Executive (the goals and governor of attention) and Long-Term Memory (pull info to and from it)

Question 15

2 Neural Mechanism components of Working Memory

Answer 15

1) Lasting Activity: after processing, PFC neurons continue responding to stimuli even after the stimuli is gone, allowing for STM/WM

2) Lasting Connections: After processing, the network of neurons can easily reactivate, allowing STM/WM

Question 16

Which neural mechanism for working memory is activity-dependent?

Which is activity-independent?

Answer 16

the lasting activity one

lasting connections one

Question 17

What’s the tree of Long-Term Memory? (subdivisions)

Answer 17

Long-Term Memory –> Implicit, Explicit

Explicit –> Episodic, Semantic

Question 18

What’s an alternate name for explicit memory?

Answer 18

Declarative Memory

Question 19

What’s an alternate name for implicit memory?

Answer 19

Procedural Memory

Question 20

Implicit Memory

Answer 20

eg. Muscle Memory, Conditioning

cannot be told, but only shown (like skills of riding a bike)

Question 21

HM had which type of memory?

Answer 21

Implicit long-term memory (learned simple tasks

Question 22

Episodic Memory

Answer 22

Memory about events

Question 23

Semantic Memory

Answer 23

Memory about facts

Question 24

Duration, Capacity of LTM

Answer 24

Infinite capacity

Duration: hours to years (anytime longer than STM)

Question 25

Consolidation vs. Rehearsal

examples of consolidation?

Answer 25

Filling away notes vs. Taking notes

flashcards, rehearsing song, focusing hard on convo can be ways of consolidating

Question 26

4 Factors that influence consolidation (only list)

Answer 26

1) Depth of Processing
2) Adaptiveness
3) Testing
4) Spacing

Question 27

How does depth of processing influence consolidation of memories?

(2 factors)

Answer 27

Processing level matters (Shallow vs. Deep processing; attention to meaning and associate with other things)

The method of rehearsing STM: Maintenance vs. Elaborative Rehearsal (meaning in rehearsal)

Question 28

How Adaptiveness influences consolidation of memories

Answer 28

An evolutionary perspective (survival words are more memorable)

Question 29

How testing influences consolidation of memories

Answer 29

Practicing retrieval –> better performance

Effortful recall improves retention of memories

Question 30

Testing Effect

Answer 30

Learning and memory is improved when retrieval is used as part of the processes.

Question 31

How spacing influences consolidation of memories

Answer 31

Too much info at once leads to poor consolidation.

Sleeping is important.