Unit 5 Flashcards
Differentiate short-term memory and working memory
Short-term memory: the bucket. Stores information for a short amount of time.
Working memory: Using information in bucket. The storage and manipulation of information for complex tasks.
Capacity, duration, and errors of STM
capacity: 5-9 pieces of info
dur: 15-20s
errors: decay
What’s the brown-peterson task? What was its purpose?
Say a string of letters, then asked to count numbers by 3 down from a certain number task (the distractor).
Tested how long short-term memory for recall capacity is.
3s is 80% remembered
18s 10% remembered
What is the Digit-span task? What was its purpose?
Asked to repeat a string of numbers. To see how many units of information can be repeated
What is Baddeley’s Model?
What are the components?
A model of working memory.
Includes a Central Executive,
with Phonological Loop, Episodic Buffer, and Visuo-Spatial Sketch Pad
What is the phonological loop?
A store of phonological information (auditory information).
Articulatory Rehearsal Process
The skill to keep items in the phonological store from decaying. (eg. repeating sounds to self)
What is the phonological store negatively affected by?
Similar Sounds
Production of Unrelated Sounds
Long Words
What’s the Letter-Number Sequence Task?
What does it test?
Hear numbers and letters, then order them in sequence for both numbers and letters.
articulatory suppression
Interference in phonological loop when told to articulate something else than what you’re tryna remember
What does the visuo-spatial sketch pad do?
Holds and manipulates visual/spatial information. Visual and Haptic senses.
Spatial reasoning task
Part of visuo-spatial sketch pad. Manipulate information in ‘the brain’s eye’
What does episodic buffer do?
Mostly smell and taste; everything that the visuo-spatial sketch pad and phonological loop doesn’t cover.
What do the 3 components interact with in Baddeley’s Model of WM?
Central Executive (the goals and governor of attention) and Long-Term Memory (pull info to and from it)
2 Neural Mechanism components of Working Memory
1) Lasting Activity: after processing, PFC neurons continue responding to stimuli even after the stimuli is gone, allowing for STM/WM
2) Lasting Connections: After processing, the network of neurons can easily reactivate, allowing STM/WM
Which neural mechanism for working memory is activity-dependent?
Which is activity-independent?
the lasting activity one
lasting connections one
What’s the tree of Long-Term Memory? (subdivisions)
Long-Term Memory –> Implicit, Explicit
Explicit –> Episodic, Semantic
What’s an alternate name for explicit memory?
Declarative Memory
What’s an alternate name for implicit memory?
Procedural Memory
Implicit Memory
eg. Muscle Memory, Conditioning
cannot be told, but only shown (like skills of riding a bike)
HM had which type of memory?
Implicit long-term memory (learned simple tasks
Episodic Memory
Memory about events
Semantic Memory
Memory about facts
Duration, Capacity of LTM
Infinite capacity
Duration: hours to years (anytime longer than STM)
Consolidation vs. Rehearsal
examples of consolidation?
Filling away notes vs. Taking notes
flashcards, rehearsing song, focusing hard on convo can be ways of consolidating
4 Factors that influence consolidation (only list)
1) Depth of Processing
2) Adaptiveness
3) Testing
4) Spacing
How does depth of processing influence consolidation of memories?
(2 factors)
Processing level matters (Shallow vs. Deep processing; attention to meaning and associate with other things)
The method of rehearsing STM: Maintenance vs. Elaborative Rehearsal (meaning in rehearsal)
How Adaptiveness influences consolidation of memories
An evolutionary perspective (survival words are more memorable)
How testing influences consolidation of memories
Practicing retrieval –> better performance
Effortful recall improves retention of memories
Testing Effect
Learning and memory is improved when retrieval is used as part of the processes.
How spacing influences consolidation of memories
Too much info at once leads to poor consolidation.
Sleeping is important.
