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Martlock Biology > Unit 7 - Ecology > Flashcards

Unit 7 - Ecology Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

the scientific study of the interactions among living organisms and their environments

A

ecology

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2
Q

the parts of Earth that are capable of supporting life

A

biosphere

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3
Q

the non-living parts of the environment (ex: air currents, moisture, water, soil)

A

abiotic factors

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4
Q

the living parts of the environment (organisms)

A

biotic factors

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5
Q

the level of organization at which we only observe 1 single organism

A

individual

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6
Q

the level of organization at which we observe many of the same species living together in the same space at the same time

A

population

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7
Q

the level of organization at which we observe multiple populations of different species interacting with each other

A

community

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8
Q

the level of organization at which we observe communities interacting with the abiotic factors of their environment

A

ecosystem

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9
Q

the place where an organism lives out its life; it will find food, shelter, and a place for reproduction here

A

habitat

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10
Q

the role an organism plays in its environment; the position or job it occupies

A

niche

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11
Q

a specific, close, and permanent association among organisms of different species; has 3 types

A

symbiosis

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12
Q

a type of symbiosis where one species benefits from the relationship, and the other is not harmed and does not receive a benefit

A

commensalism

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13
Q

a type of symbiosis where both species benefit from the relationship

A

mutualism

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14
Q

a type of symbiosis where one species benefits at the expense of the other; one species benefits, the other is harmed

A

parasitism

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15
Q

a species which hunts another for food

A

predator

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16
Q

a species which is hunted; it is a food source for another species

A

prey

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17
Q

the ultimate source of energy on Earth

A

the sun

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18
Q

those species which make their own food (usually plants through photosynthesis)

A

autotrophs

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19
Q

those species that get their food from another source (usually by consuming another organism)

A

heterotroph

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20
Q

a heterotroph which consumes only plants

A

herbivore

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21
Q

a heterotroph which consumes only meat

A

carnivore

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22
Q

a heterotroph which consumes both plants and meat

A

omnivore

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23
Q

a heterotroph whose diet consists of dead animals that it did not hunt

A

scavenger (may also be known as detritivore)

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24
Q

an organism which breaks down complex compounds of dead/decaying organisms and recycles them into the environment; this organism will affect all levels of a food chain

A

decomposer

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25
Q

a simple pathway for showing the flow of matter and energy in an ecosystem

A

food chain

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26
Q

each “step” of a food chain where energy is gained/lost

A

trophic level

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27
Q

a representation of all possible feeding relationships for organisms in an ecosystem; more realistic model, network of interconnected food chains

A

food web

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28
Q

As we move from one trophic level in a food chain to the next, we will LOSE ____% of energy.

A

90%

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29
Q

an organism in a food chain which produces its own food; will usually be an autotroph

A

producer

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30
Q

an organism in a food chain which obtains food from another organism; will always be a heterotroph

A

consumer

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31
Q

the first consumer in a food chain

A

primary consumer

32
Q

the second consumer in a food chain

A

secondary consumer

33
Q

the third consumer in a food chain

A

tertiary consumer

34
Q

the fourth consumer in a food chain

A

quaternary consumer

35
Q

There are many _______ in nature, because elements are never completely used up, only transformed.

A

cycles

36
Q

This image shows the…

A

water cycle

37
Q

the cycle in nature which includes photosynthesis and cellular respiration

A

carbon cycle

38
Q

a cycle in nature where _________ fixing bacteria take this element from the air and turn it into a form that other organisms can use

A

nitrogen cycle

39
Q

the element of this cycle is essential for growth and development of organisms; it is produced by lightning and stored in rocks

A

phosophorus cycle

40
Q

an increase in the size of a population over time

A

population growth

41
Q

type of population growth which produces a straight line graph

A

linear growth

42
Q

type of population growth that results in a J-shaped graph; as the population gets larger, it grows more rapidly (“population explosion”)

A

exponential growth

43
Q

the maximum number of organisms of one species that an environment can support

A

carrying capacity

44
Q

type of population growth that results in an S-shaped curve graph; most realistic

A

logistic growth

45
Q

environmental limits to population growth

A

limiting factors

46
Q

limiting factors where the density of the population does matter (ex: disease, competition for resources)

A

density dependent factors

47
Q

limiting factors where the density of the population does NOT matter; usually abiotic factors such as weather or soil conditions

A

density independent factors

48
Q

occurs when there are too many organisms in one area and not enough resources

A

competition for resources

49
Q

occurs when there are far too many organisms of one species in an area; will usually lead to greater aggression, decreased fertility, and decreased parental care

A

overcrowding

50
Q

how to calculate overall population growth

A

Growth = Initial Population + Birth Rates + Immigration Rates - Death Rates - Emigration Rates

51
Q

representation of the proportions of a population that are at different age levels; enables scientists to predict population growth

A

age structure

52
Q

age structure which has a very wide base because of large populations of young who have not entered reproductive years

A

rapid growth

53
Q

age structure which shows relatively even proportions of all age groups(relatively even top-to-bottom)

A

stable growth

54
Q

age structure which shows the greatest numbers in those age groups which have passed the reproductive years (largest groups in the middle)

A

slow growth

55
Q

a mathematical equiation to calculate genetic variation of a population

A

Hardy-Weinberg equation

56
Q

the orderly, natural changes and species replacements that take place over time

A

succession

57
Q

the type of succession that starts with a completely lifeless environment and ends with a climax community

A

primary succession

58
Q

the first species to inhabit an area (ex: lichen, mosses)

A

pioneer species

59
Q

a community which naturally undergoes little or no change in species

A

climax community

60
Q

This image shows which type of succession?

A

primary succession; it starts with bare rock with absolutely no life

61
Q

the sequence of community changes that takes place after a community is disrupted by natural disasters or human actions (ex: floods, fires, avalanches, deforestation)

A

secondary succession

62
Q

Which type of succession is shown

A

secondary succession; this one starts with a natural disaster(forest fire), and different pioneer species re-establish themselves to pave the way to the climax community

63
Q

a species which is customarily (or “naturally”) found in an environment

A

native species

64
Q

a species which has been introduced into the environment; these usually “take over” by out-competing native species

A

non-native or invasive species

65
Q

a large group of ecosystems that share the same type of climax community

A

biome

66
Q

water biome made of 2 parts: photic (sunlight can penetrate, photosynthesis occurs) and aphotic (deeper water, no sunlight)

A

marine biome

67
Q

biome with a coastal body of water partially surrounded by land that has brackish water (mix of fresh and saltwater) (Ex: Chesapeake Bay)

A

estuary

68
Q

a biome which is an area that is exposed when the tide is low, but covered with water when the tide is high

A

intertidal zone

69
Q

Rivers, lakes, and streams make up this type of biome

A

freshwater

70
Q

a biome with high latitude lands, extremely cold temperatures, no trees; DOES have permafrost (layer under the topsoil that is permanently frozen)

A

tundra

71
Q

a biome with high latitude lands, extremely cold temperatures, and conifer trees; does NOT have permafrost

A

taiga

72
Q

a biome in arid regions with sparse to almost nonexistent plant life; very little annual rain. Plants which live in these areas tend to have spines to reduce water loss and protect themselves from herbivores

A

desert

73
Q

a biome with a large area that is covered by grasses and small plants; also known as prairies, steppes, or savannahs

A

grassland

74
Q

a biome that is dominated by broad-leaved hardwood trees which are deciduous (lose their leaves in winter)

A

temperate forest

75
Q

a biome with very warm temperatures, wet weather, and lush plant growth; this biome tends to have the largest amount of biodiversity

A

tropical rainforest

Martlock Biology (7 decks)

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