Unit 5 - Genetics Flashcards
The creation of a protein from a DNA template.
protein synthesis
writing DNA as mRNA
transcription
The process of bringing amino acids to the ribosome via tRNA to make the protein
Translation
The process of making new sex cells
Meiosis
the shape of DNA
Double Helix
the group to which Adenine and Guanine belong
Purines
In order to perform DNA replication, we first need to use this to “unzip” the DNA
DNA helicase (an enzyme)
a cell that has half the number of chromosomes that a diploid cell does
haploid
When a DNA base is removed during replication
Deletion mutation
If a DNA segment is moved from one chromosome to another
translocation mutation
The result of a deletion or insertion in a DNA sequence
Frame shift
Austrian monk, father of genetics
Gregor Mendel
Diagram used to predict the genotypes and phenotypes of offspring
Punnett Square
visual representation of a phenotype across generations
Pedigree
the trait that is always expressed when it is present
dominant allele
An allele that is masked when a dominant allele is present
recessive allele
Traits controlled by genes located on sex chromosomes.
sex-linked traits
traits controlled by a single gene with more than two alleles
multiple allele trait
traits controlled by two or more genes, results in wide range of phenotypes
polygenic traits
states that there are two factors controlling every trait in an individual
Law of Unit Factors
The allele that you “see” is dominant
Rule of Dominance
Mendel’s law that states that the pairs of homologous chromosomes separate in meiosis so that only one chromosome from each pair is present in each gamete
Law of Segregation
the combination of alleles in an organism
Genotype
the physical trait produced by the alleles
phenotype
project whose goal is to map, sequence, and identify all of the genes in the human genome
human genome project
pattern of inheritance where only 1 copy of the dominant allele is required to show the dominant trait.
simple dominant inheritance
inheritance where a heterozygous individual’s phenotype is a blend of the dominant and recessive traits
incomplete dominance
messenger RNA; type of RNA that carries instructions from DNA in the nucleus to the ribosome
mRNA
ribosomal RNA; type of RNA that makes up part of the ribosome
rRNA
transfer RNA; type of RNA that carries amino acids to the ribosome; clover shaped
tRNA
of three DNA or RNA nucleotides that corresponds with a specific amino acid or stop signal
codon
A picture of all the chromosomes in a cell arranged in pairs
Karyotype
