Unit 7: Development Flashcards
Piaget’s Theory
development happens in stages:
- sensorimotor: (0-2) see the world through senses
- preoperational: (2-6) language; not able to use concrete logic
- concrete operational: (7-11) able to think logically
- formal operational: (12+) abstract concepts
Zone of Proximal Development
this is the prime way of learning where a person is guided just enough to be successful while learning on their own
Vygotsky
- Social Learning Theory
- ZPD
- language shapes our thoughts
scaffolding
demonstrating process while going through steps
Erikson
believed that as we go through life there are stages that we reach:
- trust vs mistrust
- autonomy vs shame
- initiative vs guilt
- industry vs inferiority
- identity vs confusion
- intimacy vs isolation
- generativity vs stagnation
- integrity vs despair
authoritative parenting
sensitive and demanding
authoritarian
cold and demanding
permissive
sensitive and relaxed
uninvolved
stern and relaxed
assimilation
taking info and processing it into our knowledge
accomodation
changing a schema to fit new info
Kohlberg’s story
should the man steal the medicine for his dying wife
Harlow
monkey experiment with robot monkey and soft monkey
relational aggression
demanding relationships or status
androgyny
not clearly masculine or feminine
habituation
decreased response to a stimulus after repeated exposure to the stimulus
cognition
mental process involved in gaining knowledge and comprehension
Theory of Mind
ability to attribute mental states to ourselves and others (predict behavior)
attachment theory
children must develop at least one good relationship with a primary caregiver in order for development to occur correctly
critical period
maturation stage: nervous system sensitive to environmental stimulus
secure attachment
children show stress when a caregiver leaves but are able to compose themselves
insecure attachment
the child-caregiver bond is secured by fear
Social Learning Theory
children learn behaviors by watching others
social identity
sense of self based on group members
perceptual set
predisposition to perceive things in a certain way
context effect
describes influence of environmental factors on one’s perception of a stimulus
bottom up processing
perceptions that start with an incoming stimulus and working upwards until our minds form representation of object
top down processing
perceptions begin with most general and go to most specific
inattentional blindness
failing to perceive an unexpected stimulus in plain sight (lack of attention)
change blindness
fail to notice changes when brief visual disruption occurs
transduction
transportation or transformation from one to another
Weber’s Law
change in stimulus will be just as noticeable as constant ratio of original stimulus
extrasensory perception
perceiving things by means other than the known senses
Gestalt
explain perceptions by looking at the entire picture rather than pieces
Phi Phenomenon
a visual illusion with stationary lights
subliminal
information presented just below conscious awareness; still able to reach the brain
Opponent Process Theory
color perception is controlled by three systems
Frequency Theory
pitch of a sound wave corresponds with the frequency to the auditory nerve
Volley Principle
relates experience of pitch to the neurons in the basilar membrane
four sensory experiences
hot, cold, pressure, pain
nociceptors
sensory receptors for pain
Gate-Control Theory
spine has a “gate” that either allows pain or blocks it
gustatory transduction
for taste; taste buds within papillae
olfactory transduction
for smell within the nasal cavity
