Unit 2: Experimentation and Research

Question 1

case study

Answer 1

an individual or group studied to reveal a universal principle

Question 2

naturalistic observation

Answer 2

observing and recording behavior in natural settings without manipulating the situation.

Question 3

survey

Answer 3

gathering self-reported behaviors and attitudes of a population using a sample

Question 4

descriptive studies

Answer 4

describe the world around us; case studies, naturalistic observation, and surveys

Question 5

correlational studies

Answer 5

explore the relationship between two relationships (you cannot draw relationships from this kind of study)

Question 6

experimental studies

Answer 6

a study that manipulates one variable to examine the cause and effect

Question 7

hindsight bias

Answer 7

occurs after an outcome when one claims that they “knew it all along”

Question 8

Theory

Answer 8

a system of ideas intended to explain something

Question 9

hypothesis

Answer 9

a testable prediction that us often implied by a theory

Question 10

operational definition/operationalize

Answer 10

a carefully worded statement to describe a procedure

Question 11

sampling bias

Answer 11

result of a survey that is not random

Question 12

random sample

Answer 12

group that fairly represents a population

Question 13

independent variable

Answer 13

the results of an outcome

Question 14

dependent variable

Answer 14

the thing that is being measured

Question 15

confounding variables

Answer 15

an extra variable that makes the research not valid

Question 16

hawthorne effect

Answer 16

when people change their behavior due to the pressures of the study

Question 17

random assignment

Answer 17

ensures that the experiment group and control group are equal

Question 18

double blind

Answer 18

patient and staff are both ignorant to the group they are in

Question 19

ethics

Answer 19

patients need:

• informed consent
• protection from emotional and physical harm/distress
• personal information confidential
• debrief after research is done

Question 20

mean

Answer 20

the average (add the numbers and then divide by how many there are)

Question 21

median

Answer 21

middle number (line the numbers up from least to greatest then cross them out one at a time alternating from right to left)

Question 22

mode

Answer 22

most frequent number (which number shows up the most?)

Question 23

range

Answer 23

difference between highest and lowest number (subtract the highest number from the lowest number)

Question 24

standard deviation

Answer 24

average distance between scores on the bell curve and the mean

Question 25

0.15%, 2.35%, 13.5%, 34%

Answer 25

the percentages to remember for when the standard deviation is normal and not skewed

Question 26

skewed distribution

Answer 26

on score is an outlier by being much higher or lower; the data is no longer valid

Question 27

left skew

Answer 27

negative skew; very low score would lower the average

Question 28

right skew

Answer 28

positive skew; very high score would higher the average